Schizophrenia Is An Extremely Complex Mental Disorder

Schizophrenia is an extremely complex mental disorder that has yet to be fully understood. This particular disorder has affected much of the population today, causing many different emotional, physical, and psychological problems in every affected individual. These symptoms include: â€Å"distorted thoughts, hallucinations, and feelings of fright and paranoia. Psychiatrists evaluate symptoms, tests, and medical history, and prescribe medications and psychotherapy for treatment† (Kirkpatrick). Schizophrenia affects approximately 2.4 million adults in the United States today (We Live With...). Schizophrenia should be thought of as a neurological disorder with emotional and cognitive symptoms, rather than pure insanity. Just like any other illness schizophrenia has genetic and environmental causes. Genetically there are three main causes for schizophrenia. These genetics affect the structures in your brain and the way they perceive incoming information. First off, the hippocampus and surrounding brain matter might be reduced in size in a patient with schizophrenia, influencing sensory filtering. The reduction in size causes pressure in this region, creating inaccurate sensory filtering; altering the way the individual perceives the sensory input. Secondly, the cerebral fluid surrounding the brain could be sending different levels of certain chemicals that affect interpretation, nerve impulses, and general regulatory functions. Finally, there might be a cellular defect in the frontalShow MoreRelatedMental Disorders And Criminal Behavior1293 Words   |  6 Pages Running head: MENTAL DISORDERS CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Mental Disorders and Criminal Behavior Courtney Edwards Thomas University Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to provide information on the distinct types of mental illnesses as they correlate with criminal behavior. There are so many disorders in which exist in today’s society. These include: schizophrenia, delusional disorders, bipolar disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, and so much more. Through compulsive researchRead MoreEssay about Ron Howards, A Beautiful Mind1086 Words   |  5 PagesIn Ron Howards work, A Beautiful Mind, depicts the real life account of Professor John Nash and his struggle with paranoid Schizophrenia. The topic of mental illness has become popularized as of late, particularly in popular media (film, television). This focus on mental disorders has greatly improved awareness of mental disorders, but this media has become a double edged sword. The same process that educates people (ie these films and shows) can also disseminate largely false or misleading informationRead MoreThe Effects Of Schizoaffective Disorder O n Mental Illness1283 Words   |  6 PagesMental disorders are a very serious condition that can cause suicide, family/friend problems, and even social complication. Schizoaffective disorder is an extremely dangerous and sometimes harmful disease. Often times a mental disease is not cause by dropping someone on their head but, what they are fed, how they are treated, and their social life. Most often the best cure for a mental disease is not medical treatment: it is how others treat and talk to them. The disease is very uncommon with onlyRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness With Information1007 Words   |  5 PagesFighting the Stigma of Mental Illness with Information When describing the brain, it can be labeled as many things but not one-dimensional or simplistic. This is an organ that we find hard to understand because, oddly enough, we have a brain that isn’t wired well enough to understand itself. What makes our brain so complex? Is it the billions of neurons or the trillions of synapses that make up all of our mental connections? The three pound mass in your skull is bursting with power. It comes completelyRead MoreSchizophrenia Research Paper1296 Words   |  6 Pagesover Schizophrenia. It is a psychological disorder that I have always found fascinating. It is a serious disorder that consumes a persons life and is nearly impossible to control. In this paper, I will talk about the definition of Schizophrenia, the diagnosis of Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia in children, suicide, sexually related characteristics of the disease, sleep disorders caused by the disease, differences in the disease on different ethnicities, and insensitivity t o pain. Schizophrenia is aRead MoreThe Major Types and Possible Causes of Schizophrenia1082 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a severe, debilitating disabling disease. There are more than two million Americans who suffer with schizophrenia in any given year. Some of the symptoms of schizophrenia are hallucinations, delusions, apathy, lack of emotion, disorganized thoughts, difficulty concentrating or following instructions and memory problems. There are no lab tests to diagnose schizophrenia and most times the patient is misdiagnosed with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or major depression (Daily schizophreniaRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia843 Words   |  4 Pages People who suffered from schizophrenia were once mistaken to be â€Å"dangerous† and untreatable. For this reason, they were often institutionalized and removed from society (DiRocco). The causes of this mental psychotic disorder has been much more understood over the past decade resulting in the possibility for people with schizophrenia to live more average lives. Development of treatments, such as medication and various forms of psychotherapies, have been effective in treating symptoms and common comorbidRead MorePsycological Review of the Soloist Essay725 Words   |  3 Pagesone year at Julliard Nathanial dropped out, it turns out that Nathanial had a case of Paranoid Schizophrenia that forced him into a spiral of madness, which soon caused him to become homeless and lose a chance at becoming on of the greatest musicians of his time. Throughout the movie it is apparent that Nathanial does have some sort of mental disorder. The viewer can notice Nathanial’s mental disorder in many ways, the first way is by the way he dresses. His clothes are all miss matched, and areRead MoreSchizophreni The Most Devastating Mental Illness1706 Words   |  7 Pagespaper Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is often times referred to as one of the most devastating mental illness. This is because of it early onset in a patients live, and also that the symptoms can be destructive not only to the patient but also their family and friends. Schizophrenia is often discussed as a single illness, but schizophrenia can include a wide array of disorders which can present many similar behavioral symptoms. More than likely schizophrenia comprises a whole group of disorders withRead MoreImmigration Identity: Acculturation and Complex Mental Status1708 Words   |  7 PagesImmigration is a complex process that results in a transformation of identity. Depending on contextual, individual, and societal differences this transformation can have either positive or detrimental results. Initially, the immigrant will be faced with an intense culture shock while settling into a new country. During this time, cognitive functioning becomes increasingly jumbled amidst the new context, resulting in immense identity confusion. This process of acculturation involves two specific issues

The Russian Revolution And Its Effects On England

Introduction â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely†. This quote by Lord Acton is telling us that with power comes great influence. If you let your influence overtake you, it will lead to corruption. If your influence and power grow too strong, it will lead to absolute corruption. This theme of power and corruption is very prominent in the novel Animal Farm. This quote by Lord Acton helps us to gain better insight into this theme. This essay will first provide historical context on the Russian Revolution and its effects on England. This essay will then provide a brief summary of Animal Farm by George Orwell. Finally, this essay will analyze the themes of control and equality in Animal Farm in order to support the idea that Animal Farm allegorically represents the Russian Revolution. It will also describe and explain how the Russian Revolution made people exhibit a loss of control because of the people who were in charge along with their loss of faith in their leadership skills, just like the animals in Animal Farm. In Animal Farm, the animals are stripped of their basic rights by their own personal Joseph Stalin, Napoleon the pig. They also experience a loss of control when a dictator takes over their farm and they are taught to be submissive to the dictator. They establish their own social classes and live like those in a Russian socialist community, where everyone is supposedly said to be equal but in actuality, is not. Historical and CulturalShow MoreRelatedThe Nature of Pre-revolutionary Society and Government807 Words   |  4 Pages The statement ‘Pre-revolutionary Russian society underwent significant change’ is accurate to a medium extent in terms of social, economic and political change in Russia. In social terms, the Russian Tsar did not allow political opinions and therefore did not allow the congregation of political enthusiasts, limiting the opportunity for a revolution. In economic terms, Russian peasants were stuck in a situation where they had to pay large taxes to landowners, leaving little money for themselves andRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 Pages the Russian government developed a strong disliking of him because his work was meant to teach others about the problems with socialism. They even attempted to portray Orwell as clinically insane so the people wouldn’t listen to him (â€Å"Introduction,† Animal Farm). George Orwell’s Animal Farm was a satirical allegory, presented in the form of a fable, which was meant to criticize and bring forth a deeper understanding of the probable outcomes of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Russian RevolutionRead MoreHow Prohibition Affected Russia s Financial Crisis During Russian Revolution1228 Words   |  5 PagesKetevan Kemoklidze Mr. Hermansen English Composition 06/01/2016 How Prohibition affected Russia’s Financial Fiasco During Russian Revolution? Amid Russian Revolution years there is the chance to watch the Russian economy experiencing a few basic moves, including a portion of the most exceedingly bad things that can happen to a nation. There was war and civil war. The economy endured monetary breaking down, separation, and starvation. There was a breakdown of state limit: government prohibited VodkaRead MoreThe American Revolution-Eight Long Years852 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the American Revolutionary War and the War of Independence, lasted from 1775 to 1783. It stemmed from growing tensions between England’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government representing England, as well as cost sharing imposed on English colonies by successive governments in London for debts attributed to former wars (Foner, 2012). The â€Å"cost sharing† encompassed a variety of measures including taxation on goods produced in the colonies,Read MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 W ords   |  7 PagesKatie Mecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm Answers1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story. Explain Snowballs role. The lives of the animals are significant to the story because they are the basis to which Orwell wrote the story to attack the idea of totalitarian communism. The many animals are based of different classes in Russian society and some off of leaders in Russia, like Snowball. Snowball, who is based on Leon Trotsky, is a dedicated idealist who puts all of his heart and body into spreading Animalism and in improving the farm’s structure. His role throughout the storyRead MoreThe Cause And Effects Of The World War II1291 Words   |  6 PagesAn Pham Mr. Grosse World History Research Paper February 10, 2017 The Cause and Effects of the World War II The world has changed since that day, September 1, 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the start of World War 2. There were many fluctuations in economic terms as well as the politics of some powerful countries in the world also started from there. This is a catastrophic world war between the Allied forces and the Axis under fascism. Although this war just lasted in 6 years,Read MoreMacbeth and Animal Farm Essay901 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿AO3 = explain links between the texts, evaluating writers’ different ways of expressing meaning and achieving effects Focus on progression of power Compare the way George Orwell and William Shakespeare present and develop power and attitudes to power in Animal Farm and Macbeth. Writer’s sharing of attitudes other characters and writers AO1 = respond to texts critically and imaginatively; select and evaluate relevant textual detail to illustrate and support interpretations AO2Read MoreAnimal Farm Film Analysis838 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism, themes, dialogue and events. Animal farm was a successful novel as the length was 112 pages, therefore the movie was timed at a substantial amount of 72 minutes. Both forms of the story incorporate the themes successfully with the Russian Revolution as the basic allegory and the overall aim of the book reached. In examining the major characters in the novel and film, there are a number that are common in both texts, including Old Major, Napoleon, Snowball, Benjamin and Boxer. Many ofRead MoreCause And Effects Of World War 2 Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pages The Cause and Effects of the World War II The world has changed since that day, September 1, 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the start of World War 2. There were many fluctuations in economic terms as well as the politics of some powerful countries in the world also started from there. This is a catastrophic world war between the Allied forces and the Axis under fascism. Although this war just lasted in 6 years, from 1939 until 1945, but almost every continents in the world

Writring Academic Essay free essay sample

Good academic writing, in other words, has SEC: intelligence, substance, clarity, energy. An essay projects intelligence when it contains insightful ideas and cites authoritative sources; it is substantial when ideas are developed in enough detail so readers grasp the knowledge the writer is conveying; it is clear when its grammar, sentence structure, organization, punctuation, and diction are sound; it has energy when the writer uses a strong and confident voice in a fluid and vigorous style. Academic essays are usually expository and / or persuasive.An expository (informative) essay presents to its readers interesting, informative, and important knowledge that elucidates, supports, and justifies a central or monitoring idea, known as a thesis. This thesis is usually a matter of fact. An expository essay about the process of photosynthesis or the side effects of Approach or the climate of Seattle is not likely to provoke a prolonged argument. These essays present primarily factual information. A persuasive essay also presents knowledge to its readers in support of a thesis, but this thesis is a matter of opinion.The persuasive essay is also known as the argumentative essay, though some professors do draw a slight distinction between the two, asserting that a persuasive essay goes a slight tepee beyond an argument in more overtly trying to alter belief or encourage a course of action. An essay in support of drilling for oil in the Alaska Nature Wildlife Reserve or in opposition to school vouchers or in support of gun control presents an argument, and as such, will likely both vex and intrigue readers who believe otherwise. The distinctions between the two modes often blur.One persons fact is sometimes another persons opinion. An expository essay about the reasons why the U. S. Government decided to send troops to Vietnam in the mid-asses might discuss two reasons about which there is widespread agreement but en reason about which even the experts disagree. An expository essay about the hazards of global warming will not resonate with a reader who is suspicious of the essays premise. To an extent, the form (or mode, as it is often called) of an essay is in the style of the beholder. It is true that an informative essay tries to teach and a persuasive essay tries to convince.But teachers will persuade sometimes, and advocates will inform. An academic essay is not a personal narrative, but it might contain a personal anecdote in support of its thesis. If a writer is developing an argument in support of tougher drunk driving laws, and if that writer has a friend or a relative who was injured or killed by a drunk driver, the writer might describe the incident and its effect on him or her as a way of intensifying the argument. Personal anecdotes are common and can be effective, especially in persuasive writing. Academic essays almost always require research.To acquire the information you will need to support, elucidate, and defend the thesis of you essay, you likely will have to attend lectures, read books, surf the internet, and read articles in scholarly journals. The nature of your research will depend upon your topic. If your essay is on the most recent research into the human genome, you likely will use the internet and the most rectangular articles to find the information you need; books will be less useful to you because by the time a book about current scientific research is published, its information can be dated. If, on the other hand, your essay is about the role of the African American soldier in the Civil War, books might be the best and most reliable sources available to you. Writer must acknowledge in the body of their essays and again at the end of heir essays the source of any information they are using in their essay. There are very specific ways, sanctioned and required by colleges and universities, of acknowledging sources used in an academic essay.The two most common methods were developed by international professional organizations, one by the Modern Language Association (MI-A) and the other by the American Psychological Association (PAP). The Chicago Manual of Style recommends another method, also widely used within the academic community. Essays about English and foreign literatures and languages are usually cited in the MEAL method. Social science essays -? especially psychology and education are usually cited in the PAP method. History and economics are among the disciplines that frequently use the Chicago Manual of Style. THE PURPOSE IN ACADEMIC ESSAY Academic writing has usually one of two purposes: to provide information that a teacher has requested or to advance an argument about an issue related to the subject you are studying. In other words, academic essays generally are written in either the expository or the persuasive mode. Expository Mode An expository or informative essay presents complete and accurate information about a specific topic.If you are asked to discuss the causes of the conflict in the Middle East, to explain how to treat a victim of a heart attack, to define post-structuralism, to compare and contrast Freudian and Jungian methods of treating obsessive- compulsive disorder, or to explain the rules of basketball, you will write an informative essay. The purpose of an informative essay is to provide your reader with information he or she has requested or can use. There are several diff erent patterns by which expository academic essays are typically developed. One or any combination of these patterns may be seed to structure and develop an expository academic essay. Usually, one pattern will dominate, but others will be present. One common expository mode is the process analysis, which details the parts of a process and their relationships with each other. If your health sciences professor asks you to write an essay about the circulation of the blood through the body or about how the body converts carbohydrates into energy, you will write a process paper.If your physical education professor asks you to write an essay about teaching children how to swim, you will write a process paper. Here is a part of a process paper written by Alexander Petrifaction explaining the process a wasp uses as it hunts a tarantula: Meanwhile the wasp, having satisfied itself that the victim is of the right species, moves off a few inches to dig the spiders grave. Working vigorously with legs and jaws, it excavates a hole 8 to 10 inches deep with a diameter slig htly larger than the spiders girth. Now and again the wasp pops out of the hole to make sure that the spider is still there. Another common expository mode is the cause-effect essay. Your economics professor, for example, might ask you to write an essay in which you explain he causes of inflation or the effects inflation has on a certain community. Your European history teacher might ask you to explain the causes of the Crimean War or to discuss changes (the effects) to the map of Europe that resulted from the war.Your marketing professor might ask you to write an essay about why an advertising campaign for a fast-food restaurant failed or to write about how the failure affected the management structure and practices of the company. For a major paper, professors often combine the cause and effect modes: What causes inflation, and how does inflation affect the industrialized society? What caused the Crimean War, and how did the war change the map of Europe? Why did the marketing campaign fail, and what effect did the fa ilure have on the company as a whole?Here is an excerpt about the effects content-specific warnings have on the viewing habits of college students: Back (1998) found that college students viewing interest was significantly increased when they were informed of the presence of sexual content in R- rated movies, although the effect was found only for women. Men indicated abut the same level of interest in both sexual and nonsexual films when they were rated R. A third expository mode is the comparison / contrast essay.Compare and contrast the developmental theories of Jean Pigged and Jerome Burner; compare and contrast Emmanuel Cants and Johann Goatees concept of free will; compare and contrast the marketing campaigns of McDonalds and Wends. Professors often use compare/contrast assignments because they challenge the analytical ability of their students, who have to juggle and ultimately synthesis similarities and differences between two objects or concepts. The compare/contrast mode demands a fairly sophisticated organizational structure.Here, Deborah Tauten compares and contrast between the talks of men and the talks Of Women: For most women, the language of conversation is primarily a language of rapport: a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships. Emphasis is placed on displaying similarities and matching experiences.. .. For most men, talk is primarily a means to preserve independence and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order. This is done by exhibiting knowledge and skill, and by holding centre stage through verbal performance such as story-telling, joking or imparting information. A fourth expository mode is the analysis / interpretation essay. Analyses and interpret Book 1 of John Millions paradise Lost, the foreign policy of President Clinton, Vincent Van Sagos Starry Night, the anti-inflation policies of Gerald Ford, Henry Aviss role in discrediting Richard Ill, the advertising campaign of the Chrysler Minivan: if you have been a college student for more than two years you undoubtedly have encountered assignments similar to these. Analysis is the process of dividing your subject of study, your topic, into its component parts.Interpretation is the process of assessing and describing owe those parts coalesce into a coherent whole and cause the enterprise you are analyzing to succeed or break down. To write a successful analysis / interpretation essay, then you need to define the distinguishing features of the whole, divide the whole into its component parts, analyses the parts, and interpret the relationship of the parts to the whole. Here is an example of an alysis / interpretation excerpt when Robert B. Cunningham and Daniel W. Greenfly analyses the ways in which wrestlers shed weight; then interpret the significance of the data they have found: The rapid weight loss techniques included in our survey have proven to be ungenerous. Three collegiate wrestlers died in 1 997 while attempting to rapidly lose weight before a match. These wrestlers were using a combination of the rapid weight loss techniques listed in our survey rapid dehydration and fasting can adversely affect cardiovascular function and electrical activity, thermal regulation, renal function, and electrolyte balance.Frequent weight cycling during the wrestling season has also been associated with negative mood states and decreased concentration and short-term memory. A fifth expository mode is the problem / solution essay, topics for which are happily framed in the form of questions. Why did fourth graders from poor families score low on a nationwide math test, and how can educators improve math education for this group? Why is Iraq a threat to our national security, and how can we reduce this threat?Why was the voting process in Florida during the 2000 presidential election such a debate, and what needs to be done to make the process fair and equitable? These essays have two parts: a full explanation of the nature of the problem, followed by an analysis of solutions and their likelihood of success. This is an example of the two parts f the problem / solution essay by a student on saving the Vancouver Island Marmot: Problem Once abundant in central and southern Vancouver Island, the marmot has become an endangered species. Solution Fortunately, British Columbians Ministry of Environment and the general public are aware of the problem and want to implement an aggressive program to save Marmot vindictiveness from extinction. A sixth expository mode is the essay developed by details and examples. Of course, details and examples are important components of all modes of academic discourse, but some academic essays have as their primary placement system a series of facts, details, and examples. What hockey teams use the neutral-zone trap effectively? What are the most challenging mountains to climb? Who is the leading U. S. Sportswear designer?These are examples of topics that require a thesis and details to support the examples. Here is an example, from Spains Colonial Empire, 1492 1 600: Cortes took Mausoleum captive in 1521 and began what would be a two-year battle to take control of the city and its empire. Although weakened by the arrival of virulent Old World diseases, the Aztec continued to fight even as ore and more of the subject peoples joined the Spanish forces. The Spaniards cut off food and water to the capital, but still the Aztec fought. A knowledge of the modes of the expository essay can help you structure an essay successfully and to stay on topic.But remember than an academic essay is often a combination of several modes, even though one usually predominates. Persuasive Mode The purpose of a persuasive essay, in part, is to present information to your readers. But its primary purpose is to convince or persuade your readers that your views on a particular controversial topic are valid and legitimate. If you are asked to discuss the causes of the civil war in Savor, you will write an informative essay, but if you are asked how you feel about Antas involvement in the war, you will write a persuasive essay. If you are asked to write an essay synthesizing the reasons why Islamic fundamentalists attacked the World Trade Centre, you will write an informative essay, but if you are asked to write an essay in support of or in opposition to military action in Saudi Arabia as part of a campaign to end terrorism, you will write a persuasive essay. If you are asked to define and to explain the process of cost-structuralism criticism, you will write an informative essay, but if you are asked if you believe post-structuralism is a viable method of literary analysis, you will write a persuasive essay.Sometimes academic essays straddle the expository / argumentative border. Here is an example. Susan Willies essay is an ethnographic study of Disney World, but Willis uses her visit to the park to critique what she sees as the mindless consumerism that is corrupting the nation. At Disney World, the erasure of spontaneity is so great that spontaneity itself has been programmed. On the Jungle Cruise khaki -clad tour guides teasingly engage the visitors with their banter, whose apparent spontaneity has been carefully scripted and painstakingly rehearsed. Nothing is left to the imagination or the unforeseen.Even the paths and walkways represent the programmed assimilation of the spontaneous. According to published reports, there were no established walkways laid down for the opening-day crowds at Disneyland. Rather, the Disney Imagines waited to see where people would walk, then paved over their spontaneous footpaths to make prescribed routes. It is important to determine your purpose before you begin to write an academic essay and to keep your purpose in focus To write a good college essay, you need to think about your topic, do some research, formulate a plan, write a draft, revise your work, and edit it. ) You think about your topic by considering the needs and expectations of your readers, determining your purpose, and free writing. 2) You research by reading and making notes on books, periodicals, journals and internet sites most relevant to your topic. 3) You plan by jotting down main points in supports of your thesis and subordinate points in support of the main points. 4) You draft by writing complete paragraphs. ) You revise by reconsidering the efficacy of the structure, the content, and the cohesion of your paper. 6) And you edit by reviewing and reconsidering your grammar, sentence structure, diction, and punctuation.A complete outline from the processes above can be described as such; . Think about your topic A. Consider your reader B. Ferrite C. Determine your purpose D. Compose a preliminary thesis I. Research your topic A. Books B. Periodicals C. Newspapers D. Online sources E. Interviews and questionnaires Devise a plan Ill. A. The structure of an expository essay B. The structure of a compare/contrast essay C. The structure of a persuasive essay IV. Write a draft A. Effective introductory paragraphs B. Effective body paragraphs C. Effective concluding paragraphs V. Revise A. Reconsider overall structure B.Ensure content accommodates audience and purpose C. Check cohesion improve style D. VI. Edit A. Check grammar B. Check sentence structure C. Check punctuation D. Check diction and spelling VILE Cite sources A. The MEAL method of parenthetical citation B. The PAP method of parenthetical citation C. The Chicago Manual of Style method Process of Writing Think about your topic: As a successful writer, you will take time to reflect upon, to mull over, to insider the subject of your essay. Subject reflection is ongoing. It occurs both before and throughout the processes of drafting and revising.It is an essential component of the writing process, fostering as it does an understanding of your purpose in writing and of the needs and expectations of your readers, while helping you formulate a central focus, a controlling idea, a thesis. Research your topic: Whenever you are assigned to write an academic essay, you must get to the library to research your topic. Whether you research online or traditionally bound articles and books, your research will provide information that can be integrated into an essay to render it well developed and authoritative. You must know how to access information, how to evaluate sources, and how to summaries information contained in these sources. Plan your essay: Planning is an essential component in the process of writing expository, compare/contrast, and persuasive essays. Planning is more than constructing a system of headings and subheadings to use before beginning your draft. It is a continuing process. Those series of points you arrange in a system of headings and subheadings is really only a Start.The act Of writing stimulates winking, and as a result, that preliminary outline will change and evolve. Planning is an essential part of the process because it helps establish a structure for the essay. Write a draft: Planning outlines your essays beginning, middle and end; drafting transforms the outline into sentences and paragraphs. The essence of drafting is writing an effective introductory paragraph (or paragraphs for a longer essay), a series of well-developed body paragraphs, and an effective concluding paragraph (or paragraphs for a longer essay).Revise: Revision is the process of making global changes to a written text, that is, a recess of reconsidering, moving, reshaping and developing whole paragraphs and/or of altering the entire structure of a written work. The revision process is ongoing. You will revise when you draft and while you read and reread a draft. Edit: Editing is the process of reviewing changing, and correcting words and sentences within a written text. The editing process includes checking for and correcting errors in grammar, sentence structure, diction, spelling, punctuation and mechanics. It is, like most components of the writing process, ongoing.

Stalins Great Purges Essay Example For Students

Stalins Great Purges Essay Stalins PurgesSoviet TerrorStalins great purges had a distressing significance during the 1930s. The purges, in effect, started on December 1, 1934 with the murder of Sergei Kirov, a Leningrad party leader. This act, in fact, helped shut Russias window to the West. These great purges brought on ugly results and severely menaced the Soviet Unions power and future. The purges were designed to expunge any threats of political resistance. An important aspect of all Soviet Purges has been elimination of those minor figures whose fate was sealed by the defeat of their prosecutors. Long before the assasination of Kirov in December 1934 Stalin managed by various political maneuvers and violent means to free himself from the control of the party masses. Stalin was born on December 21, 1879, in the village of Gori, Georgia. He was born to Vissarion and Yekaterina Dzhugashvili. His father Vissarion, was an unsuccessful cobbler who drank heavily and beat him. When Stalin was seven, he caught sma llpox, which marked him for life, and then he caught septicemia, which left his left arm slightly crippled. Stalin was one of four chilren to survive infancy. He lived a normal life in the 1920s, surrounded by many relatives who freely expressed their thoughts and had good personal friends among the leaders in Russia. However, in 1932, his life took a change for the worse, arguably, after the suicide of his second wife, Nadezhda Allililuyeva who left a letter incriminating him personally and politically. We will write a custom essay on Stalins Great Purges specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Stalins rise to power was a combination of his ability to manipulate situations and the failure of others to prevent him from taking power, especially Leon Trotsky. Trotsky did not take advantage of several opportunities in which would have helped him to eliminate Stalin politically. When he failed to take advantage of these opportunities, Stalin schemed himself into a stronger position within the party by allying with Zinoviev and Kamnev. He manipulated them into shattering Trotsky, thus eliminating the strongest opponent in his path to power. Stalin deftly avoided potential political ruin when Lenin formulated his Testament in December 1922. This Testament illustrated what his thoughts of the future of the Party leaders and the party itself; Especially Trotsky and Stalin. Lenin foreshadowed a division in which Stalin and Trotsky would be the main details. When describing Stalin, Lenin felt that he had an unlimited authority in his hands and whether he will always be capable of usin g that authority with sufficient caution. The makeup of Lenins Testament became more damaging to Trotsky than to Stalin. Stalin manipulated the content of the Testament to enhance his position. By mentioning Stalin as one of the prominent members of the Party, Lenin raised Stalins greatness to that of Trotsky. The equivalent stature of apparatusThe purges were set off on December 1, 1934 with the murder of Sergei Kirov. He was a member of the Politburo, leader of the Leningrad party and had substantial influence in the ruling elite. His concern for the workers in Leningrad earned him popularity. Stalin used his murder as a pretext for launching a broad purge that would claim hundreds of thousands of victims. No part of society was left out of danger by the purges. Anyone who caused the remotest suspicion was expunged and numerous legislatures were enacted to help enforce them. For example, a law that was passed in 1935 lowered the age for responsible criminal behavior. That meant the death penalty could be utilized on children as young as twelve. By 1933 Stalin and supporters were not satisfied with Russias progress and the purge trials. They indicted a whole group of industrailists who were alleged to have hindered technological advance. The terror is commonly thought to be the mode by which Stalin cinched his own personal power. Stalin did improve Russias industrial system, however, obviously had a negative effect on Russian society. Stalin used the Five Year Plans to make great strides in industrializing Russia. When he tried to equal that success with agricultural growth he met some resistance and ended up liquidating a class and causing famine. Socially, he gave some important socia l benefits to workers and gave women equal rights. But, he also tried to purge the country and eliminated a lot of the Party, most of the army, and a good part of the workers and peasants. Stalin made several industrial developments for his country but that does not even begin to negate the death and destruction that he caused. One achievement that Stalin made for the Soviet Union was the Five Year Plan. Russia was lagging behind the rest of the world in that they had not had a formal Industrial Revolution. Stalin estimated that Russia was 50-100 years behind more advanced countries. The First Five Year Plan was embraced in 1929. The purpose of this plan was to increase the countrys industrial production. The plan was a major success. It was reported that the industrial product increased 250 percent, steel production increased 300 percent, production of machinery and electrical equipment 157 percent, heavy metal increased 67 percent, coal output increased 89 percent, and consumer go ods increased about 73 percent After the success of the First Five Year Plan, the Seventeenth Party Congress embraced the Second Five Year Plan in 1934. Goals of the second plan were an expansion of machine tool production, overcome the absent steel and iron, the development and production of non-ferrous metals, and the improvement and railroad lines. .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 , .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 .postImageUrl , .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 , .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8:hover , .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8:visited , .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8:active { border:0!important; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8:active , .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8 .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u54b706185ba074534ac64ad69b66f0c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Art Institute Culinary Arts Essay ExampleBy the end of the Second Five Year Plan, the Soviet Union was arising as a strong industrial country. It increased production of iron, steel, coal, and electric power. It had a whole new area of new industries, including aviation, tractor, locomotive, chemical, aluminum, nickel, and tin. The Soviet Union now had a well-established industrial base capable of further expansion and growth. Although swift industrialization helped improve Russia, it maltreated the workers. Industrialization moved so fast and was often so poorly planned that disasters frequently resulted. The workers had to put in a lot of time, excessive to what they were used to. Under Stalin the workers had to work longer and harder. Normal work-weeks were estimated between 48-60 hours, including Sunday work. In the case of the struggle for power. The problem is more complex and the distinction not so clear. For the purge is both a consequence of the struggle for power and a part of it. In 1936, Stalin began to attack his political opponents in a series of purges to expunge anything that stood politically opposite to him. Much Stalin and Trotsky made Trotsky seem to be less important in relation to Lenin and thus to the Party like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin was one of the most uncompassionate and cruel people in the history of the world. Stalin was also a murderer. Stalin abused his people when he starved them to death, and coldly murdered them. Stalin also abused his country by restraining Russias progress and economic growth. 1929 was the first of many years in which Stalin stunted Russias growth and progress as a country. In that year the Engineer Trials were held. During these trials the Russian elite were instated by Stalin on the act of treason. Confessions by the elite which included doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, and clergy were expunged by many different means, one which included torture. After these trials were through thousands of the Russian elite were murdered, with their blood on Stalins hands. These trails had a horrible effect on the progress of Russia, since there was no foreseeable Russian leader for the future, In 1932, Stalin had put his plan into action that was later called the Terror Famine. In this, Stalin started to order grain requisitions from the lower class in the Ukraine. Stalin used his army to claim the grain from the people. However, Stalins orders left the lower class in famine. He took excessive amounts of the grain. By doing this Stalin ended up breaking the back of the Georgians and the Ukrainians. Stalin was killing off so many Russians, the same Russians who the economy wa s so rested on. This act, by far, is arguably the hardest hit group among Stalins victims. The arrests, trials, and executions of the late 1930s in Russia still evoke horror that such inhumanity can exist. Deserted camps in Siberia pay silent witness to the hundreds of thousands of human beings whose lot was undeserved slave labour in freezing conditions, in thin clothing, and on minimal food rations. This is one example that illustrates what kind of a man Stalin was during this time. He treated far too many people poorly. The reasons, to this day will never become completely evident. From around 1936 through 1938 Stalin unveiled his Great Terror. The Great Terror consisted of many events including the Purge Trials and the Katyn Massacre. During the purge trials, Stalin once again halted Russian progress. The Purge Trials terminated many military officers and engineers. Approximately between 250,000 to 500,000 Russians died because of Stalins orders. These trials caused anxiety among the elites, afraid, for if they opposed they would at length end up dead. Stalin not only hurt the growth of his own country, but he impaired the growth of neighboring counties, such as Poland. In Poland during the Great Terror, Stalin ordered the Katyn Massacre to occur. The top 15,000 officers in the Polish army were rounded up and killed in the forests of Belarus. This was tremendous act, being that Polands political future was in the loom. This outcome came because Stalin killed most of their military elite. Stalin was also systematically extinguished most, if not all, of his political opponents, or anyone that posed even the smallest threat to his political ideas. Stalin showed no mercy though incarcerating and killing innocent Russians and in turn, severely damaging any imaginable progress for Russia. Stalin was breaking the Russian nation. .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 , .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 .postImageUrl , .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 , .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279:hover , .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279:visited , .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279:active { border:0!important; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279:active , .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279 .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud347da4e5710d927d2a69afe273c7279:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: JEWISH DEATH AND DYING EssayThe beginning of the great purge in 1936 was also marked by nationwide discussions of the Stalin Constitution-hailed as a landmark in Soviet Democracy. Soviet totalitarianism could now look back at the accomplishments of the first great purge. Stalins purges had a bittersweet effect on Russia. Stalins purges were good for some aspects of Russia, or were they not?Many that suffered from the purges were sent to labor camps or were simply executed by the secret police. Units of this secret police were ordered to arrest a certain percentage of the people in their districts. Graves were discovered in 1934 holding over 9,000 bodies of people killed ar ound 1938 in the Ukraine. Since then mass burial sights have been discovered outside major cities. They were shot by NKVD, or the secret police. The people were shot from close range in the back and then pushed into a pit with many others. When one group was completely executed they were covered with sand. Some victims were not even dead when they were pushed into these pits. The purges during the 1930s initiated by Joseph Stalin brought enormous consequences in all sectors of the society and greatly endangered Soviet Unions sovereignty. The best estimate is that between ten and eleven million people perished under Soviet regime between 1926 and 1939, most of them from the Ukranian famine. Stalins purges created many wicked consequences, some that are still prevalent today. European History Essays

Apocolyptic, A In Depth Look At The Gospel Of Mark Essays - Religion

Apocolyptic, A In Depth Look At The Gospel Of Mark Mark is most likely the first of the Gospels to be written because it is the shortest and tells of the ministry of Jesus. Mark stresses Jesus' message about the kingdom of God and how it is breaking into human life as good news and that Jesus himself is portrayed as the gospel of God. Jesus is explained as the Son of God who is sent down to rescue everyone. His life is predestined as a sacrifice for humanity. The beginning of the book sets the tone of Mark by the actions of John the Baptist and God as he speaks during Jesus' baptism declaring Jesus his son. Also in the beginning Jesus is supposed to baptize the Holy Spirit and that the temptation of Satan fails. Examining the verse 14-15 of chapter 1 one can understand Jesus proclamation as Gospel: fulfillment, the nearness of the kingdom and therefore the need for faith. From this point on we see miracles being performed on the people. It almost seems as though he is carrying out these miracles in order to make people either fear him, or prove to people who he is. People then start to take a real liking to him as he helps them unconditionally with all of their ailments. Jesus later appoints 12 disciples to carry out his reign and to drive out the demons as he is doing. Though we see in chapter three the introduction of the Apocalyptic thought. Jesus is accused of being Beelzebul which is a word used for Satan, they say this because they do not have an explanation for him driving out the demons. We also see in this chapter that Jesus say's that his family is those that believe in God and follow his reign. This insinuates the idea that Jesus is in all of us. Continuing the story we see Jesus is preparing for everything that is to happen. He is aware of the disciples that are going to betray him, and that he is going to be sentenced to death by Pilate. Then the Last Supper where he is to foretells the future. In chapter 13 we are told about the destruction of the Temple. This is very apocalyptic in tone because it tells of the falling of all the great buildings right down to the last stone. He says that there will be many wars, and many nations will fight but it will all be built again, saying that intervention will only happen after destruction. What he is talking about is the Romans coming to take over Jerusalem and to destroy the temple. Though Jesus does not say when this is going to happen. The book of Mark ends with Jesus being crucified and dying on the cross for everyone. He was buried and then the following day as Mary Magdedalene, Mary Mother of James and Salomon went to go anoint his body they found that his body was not there. They assumed that Jesus had risen. He appeared to the eleven and said go out and proclaim what has happened and those that believe will be saved and those that don't will be condemned. This is the final portion of Mark and it's proclaims that those who do not believe will be punished. This is a very similar attitude that was seen in Daniel as God the punisher. Religion Essays

Gary Condit essays

Gary Condit essays Mark Sherman Writer for the Philadelphia Inquirer Reports that Gary A. Condit, A democrat from California received a grand jury subpoena for undisclosed documents related to the disappearance of federal intern Chandra Levy. Abbe Lowell, Condits lawyer, issued a statement saying whatever the reason were for the issuance of the subpoena, the congressman would provide the documents. Levy, 24 disappeared shortly after ending an internship at the Bureau of Prisons in Washington. Condit acknowledged a close relationship with Levy but has denied being involved in her disappearance. Federal authorities said that they do not consider Condit a suspect, but they are examining whether Condit and his aides may have obstructed the search for Levy. Larry King, A CNN talk host said This is the first sign that this country is going back to normalcy, after the September 11 attacks everyone forgot about the Chandra Levy case now once again its starting to surface. A poll on CNN show that Seventy percent of the people asked felt that Condit has some connection to the disappearance of Levy. Condit has not said whether he will seek reelection. But a chairman for Art Torres, chairman of the California Democratic Party, was less than enthusiastic about the prospect of Condit running for re-election in 2002. He said he had "great concerns" about Condit and offered not one word of support for the embattled lawmaker. "As chairman, I don't think it's my place to tell an incumbent member of Congress what to do. He's smart enough. He knows what the figures are, he knows what the polls are looking like, he knows his district. He's got to come to his own conclusions," Torres said. Even thought this is not a major development in the finding of Chandra Levy, I feel that the subpoena is just the start for what Gary Condit is in for. ...

Gender Discrimination Problem in US Orchestra Company Research Paper

Gender Discrimination Problem in US Orchestra Company - Research Paper Example Any case on sexual harassment needs immediate action to be taken by the authority. They should be encouraged to undertake positions of leadership in order to instill equality of opportunity. The previous paper has already raised the instance of gender bias in the United States especially in the orchestra companies or the music industry. Several instances of discrimination take place especially with respect to promotion, hiring or even granting of leaves. Since compliance with local laws is a major requirement of corporate social responsibility sometimes corporate social responsibility (CSR) norms might be in a dilemma when local laws permit some form of discrimination. This is mainly the case with corporate houses having offices around the world. CSR norms look forward to avoiding or overrule any kind or expression of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, etc (Idowu, & Filho, 2009, p. 39). Women working in the male domain are often assumed to be overly ambitious. Problems might arise when the woman begins asking for maternity leaves. The Philadelphia case mentioned in the previous paper highlights one of the major outcomes of such gender bias – sexual harassment. The lawsuit in case of the Philadelphia Orchestra Company suggests that the issue of gender bias and rather sexual harassment has not been given adequate importance by the company. Instead of making an attempt to deal with the case the victim, Kathleen was compelled to resign the orchestra with a certain sum of money as compensation. The company was more worried about the unity about workforce rather than business ethical conduct. The equal work situation is a basic issue to be taken care of by a corporate house in order to maintain business ethics. After conducting a primary survey and some background research on the issue it is now time to analyze the problem and put forward some solutions to this problem.

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Geography - Essay Example ch has focused on so-called transitions or changes in the population’s death rates and birth rates, as they pertain to populations in the industrialized world, stretching back two centuries. The model has four stages: stage 1, known as the pre-modern stage; stage 2, or the urbanizing/industrializing stage; stage 3, or the mature industrial stage; and stage 4, or the post-industrial stage. The early stages are characterized by high CBR and high CDR figures, at around 35-40 for every thousand. At stage four, or the post-industrial stage, the population is at its highest, even as CBR and CDR figures are at their lowest, at around 10 for every thousand people. In the model, the CBR and CDR figures trend downwards slowly from stage 1 to stage 2, but the downwards trend accelerates at stage 3, until the figures plateu at stage 4, at the levels described above, around 10 for every 1,000 population. The stages of the model, and the CDR, CBR, and population figures for every stage, are identified and plotted in this graph by way of illustration (Montgomery; Lee 167-190; Galor 1-10): In the plot above, the large population at stage 4 and the low CBR and CDR figures there are graphically illustrated. In the first stage, the birth and death rates are similar, with CBR being only fractionally larger than CDR, so that the population was almost static, and population doubling was measured in thousands of years. Stage One is characterized by high levels of infant mortality, from poor hygiene that resulted in many diseases such as diarrhea and cholera. With the advent of industrialization and urbanization. Medicine was also archaic at that time, with knowledge on disease management and prevention being basic or unavailable altogether, and the threat of hunger from famines eventually coming to pass. The high death rates countered the effect of high birth rates, or CBR, at this stage (Montgomery; Lee 167-190; Galor 1-10). In the industrialization and urbanization stage, or stage

Law of E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law of E-commerce - Essay Example With all arsenals pointed at streamlining electronic money institutions through legal, supervisory principles, the binding implementation provisions found quite a number of disparate legislative instruments that tended to hinder the functionality of the directives. The 2000 directives were the first attempts by the Union to harmonize EU e-money banking practices through legal frameworks (Vereecken, 2000). Unknown to the policy drafters was that the directives were headed for major legislative thrusts, which has since prompted the revision of e-Europe Action Plan on the same but with no tangible improvement as once anticipated. The provisions of the action plan of 2005 being the main EU e-money policy blueprint in this area was an updated version deliberated upon since 2000 (Penn, 2005). Indeed, the period of euphoria that characterized the adoption of the directive seemed to have died leaving the future of e-money regulatory legislations much less promising than never imagined. As a matter of fact, many new ideas never sprouted beyond their piloting stages. In essence, The EU e-Money directives were much more of wasted efforts than gainful strategies given that e-Money technology, to a grater extent, remains a figment of salesmen’s imaginations. Background of E-Money Regulations When e-money made a debut into the banking scene, almost all financial institutions in North America as well as the entire Europe took a noticeably stance well armed with different regulatory mechanisms. Rather than a ‘wait and see’ approach adopted by the United States, EU member states took immediate steps, to regulate e-money as soon as the technology appeared (European Commission, 2002). As early as 1994, EMI had recommended that only bank-issue e-money be legalized (EMI 1994; DeGeest 2001). The immediate established target as insinuated above comprised of standardizing measures with a wide spectrum of actions that included access to the Internet, as well as rais ing consumer confidence in IT-supported learning networks embodied in new electronic payment systems. Against a backdrop of concerns from different financial quarters, EU Commission pursued perspective was that proliferation of e-money without regulations could inhibit the proper functioning of the money market and stifle competition as well as innovation in the payment sector. What followed was a draft of directives on the same (EU Commission, 1998). Action Plans set out to achieve the objectives of the EU included numerous legislative measures. Among these were the Directive 2000/28/EC of the European Parliament in conjunction with the EU Council Directive 2000/12/EC touching on the conduct of business of credit institutions forming the first batch of e-Money Directives (EMI Directive, 2000a; 2000b). The second batch of e-Money Directives was the Directive 2000/46/EC from the same intuitions touching on prudential supervision of electronic money institutions (Long and Casanova, 20 02; 2003; EMI Directive, 200

Sexually Abused Child in Foster Care Setting | Case Study

Sexually Abused Child in Foster Care Setting | Case Study The sexually abused child in the foster setting Current researchers believe the majority of children entering the foster system have been traumatized physically and emotionally and now require care the foster system was not originally created address[1]. Additionally, foster children are reported to have â€Å"three to seven times as many acute and chronic health conditions, developmental delays and emotional adjustment problems† as their non-foster peers[2]. The care provided in foster care is of critical importance, as research emphasizes the remaking of an attachment based relationship, such as the foster parent-child relationship, is the focal emotional need during the foster experience[3]. When a child has been sexually abused, the care required is of paramount importance, however, a careful and comprehensive assessment of the child is required as childhood sexual abuse affects different children completely differently, displaying a range of symptoms or lack thereof[4]. Cicchetti and Toth[5] emphasize the individual di fferences that abuse has on individuals is most often based on the child’s level of functioning at the time of the sexual abuse, such that the sexual abuse and/or other forms of concurrent child abuse will be interpreted by one child differently from another. As the child matures, the abuse will also carry different meanings, therefore Cicchetti and Toth[6] tell us that [foster] caregivers must readily adapt to the changing issues the child is dealing with and manner in which he/she relates. This essay will present a brief case study followed by an examination of the foster parent skills, qualities and understanding needed to engage in a relationship with a child who has been sexually abused, critically reflecting on actions taken with the child. For purposes of this paper, the child discussed is an adolescent who suffered repeated sexual abuse in an intra-familial setting. Issues relating specifically to infants, preschool or younger children victimized by sexual abuse and placed in a foster care setting are considered beyond the current scope of this essay. Additionally, issues pertaining to the legalities implicit in a childhood sexual abuse case, abuse by an extra-familial individual or issues pertaining to abduction and violence perpetrated upon a child in conjunction with sexual abuse are considered beyond the scope of this essay. Case study J is a 14-year-old female who was repeatedly sexually abused by her step-father from the age of five years. J’s mother was an alcoholic and unable to hold a job. J’s step-father threatened that he’d kill her mother and J if she told anyone. J remained silent for the first eight years, displaying a variety of emotional and physical problem that doctors and school officials put off to developmental disturbances. When J finally told her mother when she was 13 years-old, her mother said it was because J was such a pretty girl and to just go along with it because after all, he provided for them all and they’d be on the street otherwise. When J was called to the principal’s office for disruptive and aggressive behaviour towards a boy who made sexual advances to her in the hallway, J finally told her principal what was going on at home and family service and police officials were called in. J was removed from the home and placed in foster care. J was 15 by the time she was placed in this writer’s foster care. J exhibited many of the common mannerisms common to adolescent females victimized by intra-familial sexual abuse including adopting sexually promiscuous and extremely flirtatious behaviour with other males, engaging in self-injurious behaviour such as cutting coupled with distancing herself from trusting authority figures. Also noted by this writer were J’s frequent depressive episodes and affect. It was important to note, consistent with current research, that the British child welfare authority over two-thirds met current diagnostic criteria for at least one or more psychiatric disorders[7], emphasizing that older individuals in foster care have a higher rate of lifetime and past year psychiatric disorders, frequently onset prior to the initiation of the foster situation. Fostering J Consistent with research by Yancey[8] an appropriate combination of mentoring and role-modelling for J was an integral part of her fostering. Role modelling does not necessarily necessitate personal interaction, whereas mentoring also includes deliberate support, guidance and an effort to help shape the adolescent, as in the case of J where she had not developed the appropriate skills with which to weather difficult periods in her life or make sense of what had happened to her in real world terms[9]  and examine the skills, qualities and understanding needed to engage in a relationship with that child. J’s brain anatomy was modified by the repetitive abuse, accounting for much of her depression and other personality disorders[10] through the L-HPA axis impact[11]. Explaining this to J in terms she would understand was difficult as she was not overtly trusting of authority or parental figures; the information only seemed to fuel her rage at her role of helpless victim and further emphasize her own role in the abuse process rather than appropriate placement of blame externally on her step-father. Similarly, research highlights the persistence of depression and other emotional areas of dysfunction up to and extending beyond five years following childhood sexual abuse[12]. Given the goal of foster placement as the reunification of the family unit[13] occasional visitation with J’s mother caused greater depressive episodes and more dramatic episodes of self-injurious behaviour, which is consistent with the literature stating further abuser contact within five years can be used to predict higher levels of depression in the abused child[14]. Significant mentoring with J focused on building her sense of self-esteem and orienting her towards healing her own inner hurt child, mothering it in ways that were not provided to her in her critical early childhood years. For example, it was important to help J search for solutions and focus on how to overcome her current issues and for her to admit problems exist with her normal day to day actions. Rather than nurture her child’s mind questioning â€Å"why† did this happen to me, this writer had to stress that she is responsible for her own thoughts, feelings and behaviour at this point in her life and as it moves forward, that she can construct her own destiny, especially since she is within years of adulthood[15]. It was difficult explaining that her sexually aggressive behaviour was not considered normal, but an affect of her abuse[16] as she continued to seek the physical intimacy with a male as an expression of their love for her rather than simply sexual gratif ication[17], still replaying her step-father’s verbal expressions of his love for her, how attractive she was, etc. Given J’s level of problems with attachment relationships, it was instrumental working with her coming from the transactional analysis framework emphasizing relations needs both current and in the archaic ego, emphasizing J’s need for security and protection experienced within a relationship[18]. One of the most difficult issues relative to providing care for J was to nurture her commitment to positive change, as considered a fundamental principle of transactional analysis based integrative therapy[19] as J demonstrated oppositional and defiant behaviours on a regular basis. J’s continual behaviour issues emphasized the need for working with her as a role model and mentor rather than being directly confrontational with her regarding her dysfunctional behaviour or inappropriate thinking. This emphasized keeping control of J’s life in her hands, considered by research as critical for survivors of sexual abuse[20]. Research demonstrates that combining therapy in the foster setting can reduce stress for the child and caregiver, increase the development of positive attachment relationships and corresponds with an increase in positive behavioural change[21]. While the interaction with J was a positive, albeit difficult one, upon reflection, however, one major change would have been to mutually establish J’s goals for growth into an integrated and intact adult. This would have helped establish a foundation and framework for working together. Bibliography Alfaro, Jose, Fein, Edith, Fine, Paul, Halfon, Neal, Irwin, Martin, Nickman, Steven, Pilowsky, Daniel K., Rosenfeld, Alvin A., Saletsky, Ronald, Simms, Mark D. Thorpe, Marilyn. Foster Care: An Update. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997. Auslander, Wendy F., McMillen, J. Curtis, Munson, Michelle R., Ollie, Marcia T., Scott, Lionel D., Spitznagel, Edward L. Zima, Bonnie, T. Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Older Youths in the Foster Care System. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005. Baird, Frank. A Narrative Context for Conversations with Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Progress – Family Systems Research and Therapy, 1996. Black, James E., Haight, Wendy L. Kagle, Jill Doner. Understanding and Supporting Parent-Child Relationships during Foster Care Visits: Attachment theory and Research. Social Work, 2003. Chamberlain, Patricia, Fisher, Philip A., Gunnar, Megan R. Reid, John B. Preventive Intervention for Maltreated Children: Impact on Children’s Behaviour, Neuroendocrine Activity, and Foster Parent Functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000. Cicchetti, Diane Toth, Sheree L. A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Child Abuse and Neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1995. Erskine, Richard G. A Gestalt Therapy Approach to Shame and Self-Righteousness: Theory and Methods. The British Gestalt Journal, 1995. Green, Arthur H. Child Sexual Abuse: Immediate and Long-Term Effects and Intervention. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1993. Oates, R. Kim, O’Toole, Brian L., Swanston, Heather Tebbutt, Jennifer. Five Years after Child Sexual Abuse: Persisting Dysfunction and Problems of Prediction. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997. O’Reilly-Knapp, Marye Erskine, Richard G. Core Concepts of an Integrative Transactional Analysis. Transactional Journal, 2003. Temple, Susannah. Transactional Analysis Philosophy, Principles and Practice. Temple Index of Functional Fluency, 2006. Retrieved from: http://www.functionalfluency.com/articles_resources/Philosophy_Principles_Practice.pdf Cited 10 September 2007. Yancey, Antoinette, K. Building Positive Self-Image in Adolescents in Foster Care. Adolescence, 1998. Footnotes [1] J. Alfaro, E. Fein, P. Fine, N. Halfon, M. Irwin, S. Nickman, D. J. Pilowsky, A. A. Rosenfeld, R. Saletzky, M. D. Sims M. Thorpe, Foster Care: AN Update, Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. [2] Alfaro et al. [3] Alfaro et al. [4] A. H. Green. Child Sexual Abuse: Immediate and Long-Term Effects and Intervention. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1993. [5] D. Cicchetti S. L. Toth. A developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1995. [6] Cicchetti Toth. [7] W. F. Auslander, J. C. McMillen, M. R. Munson, M. T. Ollie, L. D. Scott, E. L. Spitznagel B. T. Zima. Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders among Older Youths in the Foster Care System. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. [8] A. K. Yancey. Building Positive Self-Image in Adolescents in Foster Care. Adolescence, 1998. [9] Yancey. [10] J. E. Black, W. L. Haight J. D. Kagle. Understanding and Supporting Parent-Child Relationships during Foster Care Visits: Attachment Theory and Research. Social Work, 2003. [11] P. Chamberlain, P. A. Fisher, M. R. Gunnar J. B. Reid. Preventive Intervention for Maltreated Preschool Children: Impact on Children’s Behavior, Neuroendocrine Activity, and Foster Parent Functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000. The limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis shows different responses on maltreated children, disabling their ability to regulate their emotions appropriately following the developmental disruption. [12] R. K. Oates, B. L. O’Toole, H. Swanston J. Tebbutt. Five Years after Child Sexual Abuse: Persisting Dysfunction and Problems of Prediction. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997. [13] Black, Haight Kagle. [14] Oates et al. [15] S. Temple. Transactional Analysis Philosophy, Principles and Practice. Temple Index of Functional Fluency. Retrieved from http://www.functionalfluency.com/articles_resources/Philosophy_Principles_Practice, 2006. [16] A. H. Green. Child Sexual Abuse: Immediate and Long-Term Effects and Intervention. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1993. [17] Green. [18] M. O’Reilly-Knapp R. G. Erskine. Core Concepts of an Integrative Transactional Analysis. Institute for Integrative Psychotherapy. Retrieved from: http://www.integrativetherapy.com/en/articles.php?id=40. [19] O’Reilly-Knapp Erskine. [20] F. Bard. A Narrative Context for Conversations with Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Progress – Family Systems Research and Therapy, 1996. [21] Chamberlain et al.

Manet and Paris De Refuses

Edouard Manet lived an intriguing life significantly changing world history, especially in the arts. In the 19th century, Salon De Paris hosted a yearly public exhibition of artists paintings approved by the board. Edouard Manet’s controversial and unexpected paintings became the biggest challenge and publicity for the salon, probably not in the way the Paris Des Salon would have chosen. All artists displaying exhibitions sanctioned by the show were required to paint within the standards and codes of conduct set by the French Art Academy; Academie des Beaux-Arts. Any artists refusing to follow educational guidelines were rejected from showing their paintings. Their work had to abide by the educational standards taught in the French school to show paintings in the Salon De Paris exhibition. Edouard Manet was not very accommodating to tradition, a rebellion for being discharged from the Navy. In 1862, the Salon De Paris rejected Edouard Manet’s painting, Luncheon on the Grass. This rejection started a series of events marking a turning point in the history of art. Manet’s and other young French artists who admired the impressionists art style challenged the salon’s decisions. Napoleon 111 opened an exhibition allowing the salon’s rejects to display their art. The event which was separate from Salon De Paris was named Salon des Refuses, meaning the salons rejects. At this time, it was not considered a high honor to have works displayed in the Salon des Refuses. Today, the artists who had their work showcase in the Salon des Refuses have the same notoriety and respect as artists who’s work was accepted by the Salon des Paris. Manets paintings were very pleasing, aesthetic, but were prevented from accepted by the public. It was the times they lived in. When they did reach the public, his paintings received harsh, vicious criticism. Manets paintings directly went against the erroneous purpose and rigid rules of academic art teachings. The academy had problems accepting Manets technique and subject matter, often portraying women with no clothes, two men in landscape or outdoor settings. All of his paintings were fully colored, not having any shadows in the pictures. The 1862 Salon Des Refuses lead to the Avant-Garde, which simply means testing the traditional rules or pushing beyond the boundaries. The rejection of Luncheon on the Grass, the opening of the Salon des Refuses and the Avant-Garde lead the movement of art world into Impressionism. Edouard Manet’s rebellion against military, education and politically correct standards through his paintings made more contributions than any one person ever did from any point in history. Manet and Salon Des Refuses Introduction: Edouard Manet was a French artists famous for inventing the entire impression era during his very short lived life, dying at only 50 years old. After his discharged from the military, he devoted his entire life to art. Through his art career, he inspired historical changes influencing all aspects of the artworld. Significant changes inspired by Manet influenced music, drama, theatre dance and paintings. In his brief lifetime, the impression class, the avant-garde and Salon des Refusal became fully developed legitimate organizations upon challenging Salon de Paris's rejection of his painting. Impressionism; According to the study of Manets style, impressionism is heavily associated with color. Manet is the mastermind behind the impressionism era. Manet’s breaking traditions began the impression age, but the impressionism era was marked when Monet created a painting called Sunrise. â€Å"The term impressionism was coined to describe the work of certain painters who professed to record the impression which they have received from the object studied. At close range, the picture appeared confused and intelligible; it was necessary to stand some distance away from it in order to discover what it was all about† (Forest, 1913, Page 584). Realism painters are very formal artists, concealing any individuality, uniqueness, identity or personality within the messages or storytelling in their artwork. The purpose of realism paintings are to retell historical events from the past. Up until Manets invention of the impression stage, artists created artwork to keep history alive, and relay the same historical messages in multiple different interpretations. Impressionism is a resemblance of the contrast between today’s Ballet dance vs Hip hop. The art does not have to follow narrow based rules and may be an expression of the individual to please the audience. Art is not required to be a reinvention of sentimental or historical meaning to serve a purpose, or target an audience. Art can be aesthetically pleasing. Aesthetic art work does not reinvent history, it makes history while keeping up with the current trends, Impression or aesthetic usually appeals to a younger generation, perhaps more common, everyday people. This type of art in music, dance, theatre is usually taken at face value, or for what it is. Impressionist’s artists paint in the here and now. They are not concerned about the future, or the past. Both an impressionists and realism artist create a piece of art or paint a picture of the same beach. Each artist would use different colors, shadowing methods, brush stroke techniques. Both beach paintings would show clouds in the sky. The picture painted by the impressionists would have shorter, broken up clouds, resembling exactly what the viewer would see if they went to that beach when the artist painted it. The impression artist goes to the place where he or she can see what they are painting or drawing. The realism artists paints outdoor scenery while they are in the studio. The clouds, sun, waves symbolizes a historical story. Impressionists uses brighter colors, place strong emphasis on natural outdoor lighting and the actual surroundings. Realism artists took pride in people staying spell bound by their work, to get the hidden meanings portrayed through symbology. Artists wants to take its audience into a deeper level, consuming their attention, leaving them with something they will remember, or even change their life. Artists intend on making lasting impressions on its audience. The salon wanted to maintain a certain status level of its customers. â€Å"Although Edouard Manet studied for six years with Thomas Couture, his painting style was primarily influenced by studying the old masters in the Musee de Louvre in Paris, particularly the works of Spanish painters, Bartolome Esteban Murillo, Jusepe de Ribera and most important Diego Velazquez† (Kramer, 2002). Today, it stands no secret Manet greatly admired Velazquez. The art traditions set by Manet was inspired by Velazquez. The Salon De Paris and the Academie des Beaux-Arts: The Salon De Paris was a highly prestigious well respected event organized by the Academie des Beaux-Arts. The Salon De Paris was made up of a board of highly qualified judges who analyzed paintings submitted by artists. The salon first concern was to ensure all paintings displayed in the show satisfied all requirements set by the French art academy. The academy wanted to retain a certain level of customers. The Salon De Paris, working closely with the Academie des Beaux-Arts had an obligation to honor Napoleon 111 regulations. Napoleon 111 was a French emperor having full rein of the school. When the salon rejected Edouard Manet’s Luncheon on the Grass, the salons authority was immediately questioned. The rejection of this painting, inspired Manet to go through a process beginning a series of events that permanently changed art. Manets impression paintings were new, introduced the unfamiliar. The Avant-guard is all about breaking boundaries, pushing limitations. Many musicians, singers and George Bush Jr and his cabinet are accused of pushing boundaries, only a compliment to them. Traditional paintings, or paintings following the academic standards retold history, suppressing their own ideas. The salon or the art academy tested artists imaginations and creativity. Artists were discouraged from inventing or painting any stories or ideas, or pictures just for an image of the picture itself. Artists were required to paint what already existed, or did at one time or another. Although they were retelling history, they faced the challenge of inventing original ways to tell the same story repeated thousands times through previous paintings, theatre, music and writings. If an artist was talented, had a great imagination, and was inspired strong enough by historical events, he was capable of creating orginal fascinating works which portrayed the same meaning. All artist before the impression era had to create their art to retell biblical and traditional stories. Any individual messages from the artists had to be within the traditional social standards passed on through many generations. The Salon Des Refuses: The Salon Des Refuses rejected Manets painting, Luncheon on the Grass, because the subject matter was considered indecent. Manet painted an out of shape naked woman having a picnic on the grass with two fully clothed men. Artists have used artist’s models, a naked person who sits in a pose for the artists to paint, since the beginning of art. In the realism stages, or if the naked model symbolized a historical time event, it was considered art. Naked models painted in a realistic setting were considered pornography content. The rejection of Luncheon on the Grass and Whistler’s, A White Girl, drew lots of complaints from the public and the French artists who supported Manet’s style. Napoleon made the decision to allow a public exhibition of the salons rejects. The event was separate from the Salon De Paris. The salon repeatedly rejected Manets paintings, yet he kept submitting paintings in the same aesthetic style. Many art historians argue Manets rejections were intentional. â€Å"Many scholars contend that Manets 1863 masterpieces Dejeuner sur l Herbe, Breakfast in the Grass and Olympia set the stage for modern evolution of modern art and the 1907 creation of Picasso’s Demoiselle D Avignon. Was this intentional? Artists and art historian Anderson believe it was, arguing that the French painter wished to challenge academic paradigms pertaining to both style and the substance of artworks submitted to the Paris Salon Jury† ( Lajos, 2005). Submission of artwork rejected over and over, and resubmission making no compromise to alter paintings to conform to academic standards indicates Manet had altered motives for submitting his work. A generous inheritance from his father allowed Manet the financial independence to break these traditional rules, and paint mainly for his own enjoyment. Of course, the reason behind repeated submissions to the salon, if any, can only be left to individual opinions. The salons refusal to accept his paintings are narrowed down to one issue; The prestigious Salon des Paris and the academy had no way of foretelling publics reactions to acceptance of art that have not been tested. It was a political risk for the salon. Through most of Manets life, he was ridiculed, criticized, received harsh psychological attacks from the public. The attitude of the people says much more about people in general than Manets paintings. People rejecting Manets paintings wrote books about his artwork. Any painting, no matter how unappealing, does not have the ability to leave the gallery and harm these people who were so angry with the paintings. People are obsessed with the things they hate. One critic wrote a book about the impressionist artists titled â€Å"In Praise of Cosmetics. † Her theory was that Manets use of color with several paintings featuring naked women reflected prostitutes. Cosmetics are viewed as artificial, something a woman uses to seduce a man. This is seldom true, but cosmetics are often viewed in this light. The salon certainly did not want to offend activists involved in women’s rights movement, who concluded Manets paintings branded women as prostitutes. The content or the objects Manet drew was found objectionable by the salon. Many of his paintings showed a woman with no clothes with two men, outdoors. This is what the public was concerned about, not the coloring content, although it was used as a reason for rejection. They did not want to bring attention or focus to the naked women. Manet could argue that art used naked women in the renaissance ages. Other analysts interpret Manets paintings as a rebellion surfacing from his discharge from the military. He is leaving no room in his interpretations through the use repeatedly criticized color, light and atmosphere, he is protesting against anything standing for tradition, military or academic. He is telling everyone he is not following the current rules for art, and has no intentions to do so, he is still going to produce paintings by his own rules. Manet could never see himself wearing his uniform through a painting. He expressed respect and admiration for the uniform, but could not actually picture himself in the uniform. Manet had respect for the salon and the academy, but just could see himself in the academy. Through the art work and relationship with the Salon des Refusal, or Salon des Paris, he was living out his life experience with the military discharge. (Wright 2004). The more the public ridiculed Manet, the more controversial his paintings became. This was intentional. After a while of being ridiculed, mocked and harassed, the target begins to do whatever it takes to kept the reactions going. If anything, they are talking about his paintings the most. Whatever people hate, is the one thing that has them enslaved. Everyone is obsessed with whatever it is they hate or despise. Salon Des Paris Biggest Change: Salon Des Paris became the center of everyone’s concerns when its opposing event, Salon Des Refuses 1863 occurred. The Salon Des Refuses received publicity because of what it did not accept. (Wynford, 1904). The Salon Des Paris had a long term relationship with Manet. In 1859, Manet sent his first painting to the salon, The Absinth Drinker, the salon rejected it. The next two paintings, a double portrait of his mother and father and the Spanish Guitar was not only accepted by the salon, but highly honored. From here on out, the Salon and Manet continuously rebelled against each other. The only other honor the Salon would give Manet was a year before his death. In 1861, the salon refused another submission by Manet; Music at the Tuileries. Music at the Tuileries was more than just another painting for Manet. He set a new trend called en plein air, which the recently rejected painting was to be a trademark or signature of Manets original painting style. (1904) En plein air, translating to, in plain air, is the standard technique used by impression artists. Impression artists are famous for painting landscapes and outdoor painting. They paint from outside the studio. The realism artists painted landscapes and outdoor paintings. They used neutral, down to earth tones, grey, shades and colors. Impressionists use colors closer to giving actual visualization of the outdoor brightness. The background of their paintings actually set the coloring, usually daylight or moonlight, overlooking the entire picture. The impression artists did not paint many small details. The impressionists painted with what they imagined the audience saw when looking at the picture at first glance. The paintings make an impression at first glance. And needless to say, en plein air painting trend broke all traditional rules of painting. Manet replaced shadows, greys, blacks and other neutral colors with bright colors. All of the space on the canvas was filled with vivid contrasting colors. The Salon des Refuses in 1863 was a one time event. In 1865, the Salon des Paris discouraging another Salon des Refuses allowed all artists to display their exhibitions. They had another surprise. Manet shocked them once again with his painting, The Olympia. The very next exhibition, the Salon nonapologetically, nonsympathetically, without much consideration refused Manets paintings. (1904) Conclusion: At the very end of Manets life and career, his artwork and contributions were accepted, and honored. Edourd Manet 1832-83) was a French artists famous for inventing the entire impression era, during his very short lived life, died at only 50 years old, he inspired historical through his art career in all aspects of the art world. Significant changes inspired by Manet influenced music, drama, theatre dance and paintings. In his brief lifetime, the impression class, the Avant-garde and Salon des Refusal became fully developed legitimate organizations when he challenged the Salon des Paris's rejection of his paintings. The Salon des Paris did rejected works to uphold a certain class of people. Educated people attracted to art look beyond the visual aspects, are taken into the storytelling of the art work to derive deeper meanings out of it. Aesthetics and Impressionism art, according to the art analyst of that time were going to attract people who take art at face value, such as viewing a nude person as porn, or some other inappropriate sexual interpretation. These types of people have little money, younger crowd and will find great humor in breaking into the gallery â€Å"just to get a naked picture. † The salon probably considered this possibility when rejecting Manets works. However, Manet would not have stood out like he does today if he did not receive continuous rejections from the Salon. Creating sexual artwork falling into grey areas is the fastest way for an artists to become famous. Famous means everyone is talking about that artists more than other artists. Many historians point to incredibly believable supporting evidence that Manet purposely seeked repeated rejections from the salon. The one time he made his mark in history, was not when he convinced Napoleon 111 to hold an exhibition of the salons rejects, but probably when he submitted a painting of the Olympia the year after the salon allowed an open exhibition, preventing another Salon des Refusal. Some professionals studying Manet and the Salon Des Refusal argue his secretive rebellion for his military discharge surfaced through his paintings. Manets works that were refused by the public and the salon worked for him. The salon could have came with any reason for continuous rejections, the technique or subject content. Manet was always seeking controversy, not every rejected painting from the salon was by accident. He created an entirely new art era, called the impressionism stage. Today, his rejected artworks hangs in the most prestigious of the art galleries.

Michael Leunig cartoon “My Former Self” Essay

Leunig deeply values the truth and he questions why people feel that the truth is never good enough. Leunig acknowledges the difference between who we want to be and who we are, he suggests that people strive to unrealistic expectations concerning career, image, relationships etc. and by lying to themselves and everyone around they lose the importance of the truth. Personally I agree that people try so hard to appear how it is thought they should and to be successful, they lose their inner self and who they are. I think that we can get caught up in the race to the top and we end up living a lie about who we really are and what we really value. In Leunigs cartoon My Former Self he suggests people are trying to rid themselves of flaws, recreating themselves to better suit society, sacrificing happiness, disguising themselves to better fit what they want, and some people are even embarrassed of who they really are. Therefore it is presumable that Leunig believes lies are controlling and overpowering peoples values in life. It is shown through Leunigs cartoon, that imperfections are not a respected part of our lives, and people feel that they should do whatever they can to get rid of any flaws. Leunig sees everyone to be striving for perfection, not letting anything get in the way. In the cartoon My Former Self the character goes to the extent of burying the flaws he believes he has. The character recites the imperfections he has insulting his former self as he goes. This is supporting Leunigs view has that people do not accept their own weaknesses or faults as part of their ideal selves. Instead they feel the need to cover or remove them. According to Leunig the desire to be perfect is continually creating lies. In Leunigs cartoon My Former Self it is evident that people are not happy with themselves the way they are and they are willing to go as far as recreating themselves to better suit society. Leunig suggests that some people want to be flawless so badly, they recreate themselves over and over again, lying about who they are, to better suit the values of perfection inflicted upon us. Leunig cartoon states that people can be as silly as creating a funeral for themselves so they can reinvent their personality traits, Leunig shows this through his cartoon My Former Self where a man wearing black is explaining to another man that he is attending the funeral  of his former self, he goes on to describe the flaws of the person he used to be. This segment of the cartoon clearly demonstrates that Leunig does not see the need in sacrificing yourself to be a better person, and by doing so you are lying to yourself and everyone around you about who you really are. When we put so much effort into becoming what we think we want, we sacrifice happiness. It is a constant battle to hide ourselves and it just doesnt seem worth it. Leunig believes that we should not have to pretend to be something were not in order to be happy, it should come naturally. Within the cartoon, this sacrifice for happiness is evident in the illustrations. The whole time the character is talking about his former self, his expression is dim. But as soon as his former self clambers out of the hole, his expression changes and he looks happy. He also refers to his former self as a grinning fool, but why would he grin if he werent happy that way? We are at our happiest when we are being ourselves. Through this cartoon, Leunig is stating that no one should have to pretend to be something theyre not just to be happy, it should come naturally. People lie through their appearances by disguising themselves in a number of ways, hiding what they dont want known. They can disguise how they act, talk, dress etc. to appear different from what they really are. Leunig draws attention to the fact that we sometimes change the outer image of ourselves eg. the way we dress, to change the perception people have of us. Within My Former Self A man is dressed in black because he is attending a funeral, the black attire is supposed to be projecting his emotions of being sombre to anyone looking at him, but when he is questioned on why he is wearing black, he replies that the outer person is sometimes opposite to the inner person, contradicting the message his outer person is sending. Deep down he is happy to be burying his inner self because he was embarrassed by it. He is lying about his emotions, he is not in mourning or upset. He is wearing black because that is what society says you should do at a funeral, it is not how he feels inside. This disconnection between the inner and outer person is another example of leunigs views on the lies we tell and that even when they are not spoken, they can still be intentional and misleading. Leunig has realised that due to the desire to be perfect, people are embarrassed of themselves because of what they think to be flaws. Leunig questions this embarrassment, because the flaws are only human and why should we be embarrassed about who we are? He has portrayed his views through the cartoon My Former Self. There are two sections of the cartoon strip where the character refers to his embarrassment; the first is where he is continuing to insult himself and he refers to himself as the badly designed, embarrassing mess and the second is when his former self is returning and he says to the man with him forgive me, this is so embarrassing. He is ashamed of things that should not matter, like being badly designed. This example is suggesting that we lie to cover things up that are not even worth worrying about. Both these instances support the generalisation that to avoid the embarrassment of imperfection, we lie. Leunigs strong value of truth is demonstrated in his cartoon My Former Self. He has drawn attention to some of the ways people lie everyday, they are constantly trying to rid themselves of flaws, people are recreating themselves to better suit society, are sacrificing happiness, they are disguising themselves to better fit what they want, and some people are even embarrassed of who they really are. In conclusion Leunigs cartoon supports the notion that a lie is a constant battle that isnt worth fighting because the truth is always stronger. His final message within this cartoon is that no matter how many lies you tell, and no matter how far you push your inner person away, the truth will always come out. Bibliography: Goatperson, Michael Leunig