Enzymes in the Dairy Industry

Cherno Okafor Aida Stefani SBI4U Octover 20th, 2012 Assignment 1: Cellular Biology furthers technology-Enzymes in the Dairy Industry Since ancient times, enzymes have played an important role in food production. Especially in the diary industry, some enzymes are required for the production of cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products, while others are used in a more specialized fashion such as improving texture or flavour of the product. Enzymes are used to catalyze the desirable reactions in industrial processes. Today, enzyme applications in such processing get more difficulties because of the rare occurrence and high costs.The aim of using the microbial enzymes is to achieve this problem. Five of the more common types of microbial enzymes involved in the dairy industry involve: Rennet, Proteases, Lactase, Catalase, and Lipases. Milk contains proteins, especially caseins which maintain its liquid form. Proteases are enzymes that are added to milk during the process of cheese product ion, to hydrolize caseins, like kappa caseins, which stabilizes micelle formation and thus preventing milk coagulation. On the other hand, rennet and rennin are general terms for enzymes used to coagulate milk.The Chymosin enzyme which can be obtained from animal, microbial, or vegetable sources, is responsible for up to 70% of cheese production. It is now possible to produce chymosin in genetically modified fungi. These modified microorganisms contain the gene derived from the stomach of calves that is responsible for producing chymosin. When grown in a bioreactor, they release chymosin into the medium. Afterwards, the enzyme is extracted and purified, yielding a product that is 80%-90% pure. Natural rennin contains only 4%-8% active enzyme.Chymosin produced by genetically engineered microorganisms is now used to produce cheese in many different countries. Rennet (Chymosin) has owed to an increase in demand for cheese production worldwide. Rennin acts on milk in two stages, by enzy matic and by nonenzymatic action, resulting in the coagulation of milk. In the enzymatic phase, the resultant milk becomes a gel due to the influence of calcium ions and the temperature used in the process. Many microorganisms are known to produce rennet-like proteinases, as mentioned above, which can substitute the calf rennet.Good yields of milk-clotting protease may be obtained in a medium containing 4% potato starch, 3% soybean meal, and 10% barley. During growth, lipase is secreted together with the protease. Therefore, the lipase activity has to be destroyed by reducing the pH, before the preparation can be used as cheese rennet. Protease is another notable enzyme. Cow milk contains a number of different whey proteins such as lactoglobulin and lactalbumin. The denaturing of these whey proteins, using proteases as catalysts, results in a creamier yogurt product. The denaturing of whey proteins is also essential for cheese production.In addition, proteases reduce allergic proper ties of cow milk products for infants, which produce healthier milk for them. Lactease is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that decomposes lactose into its constituent sugars of galactose and glucose. Lactose intolerant individuals can result from insufficient production of lactase enzyme in the small intestine. Feeding lactose-containing milk to lactose-intolerant individuals can result in discomforts such as: cramps, gas, dehydration, diarrhoea in the digestive tract upon ingestion of milk products, or maybe even death.Lactase provides relief for lactose and tolerant individuals because it can be used commercially to prepare lactose-free products, particularly milk by the process of hydrolysis of the lactase into glucose and galactose. In addition, lactase enzymes can be used in preparation of ice cream to make a creamier, sweeter-tasting product and improving digestibility. Finally, this reduces sandiness due to crystallization of lactose in concentrated preparations. Also, cheese ma nufactured from hydrolyzed milk ripens more quickly than the cheese manufactured from normal milk.Another problem presented by lactose is its low solubility. This prevents the use of concentrated whey syrups in many food processes as they have an unpleasant sandy texture and are readily prone to microbiological spoilage. Adding to this problem, the disposal of such waste whey is expensive due to its high biological oxygen demand. These problems may be overcome by hydrolysis of the lactose in whey; the product being about four times as sweet, much more soluble and capable of forming concentrated, microbiologically secure, syrups.Technologically, lactose crystallizes easily which sets limits to certain processes in the dairy industry, and the use of lactase to overcome this problem has not reached its fullest potential because of the associated high costs. Moreover, the main problem associated with discharging large quantities of cheese whey is that it pollutes the environment. But, t he discharged whey could be exploited as an alternate cheap source of lactose for the production of lactic acid by fermentation. In the production of cheese, hydrogen peroxide is a potent oxidizer and toxic to cells.Catalase enzymes are used are used instead of pasteurization, when making certain cheeses such as Swiss, in order to preserve natural milk enzymes that are beneficial to the end product and flavour development of the cheese. Due to pasteurization, these enzymes would be destroyed by the high heat. Therefore, Catalase enzymes are typically added to convert to the hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen which will enhance final production. Finally, there are the lipases in the dairy industry. Lipase enzymes are primarily used to break down milk fats and give characteristic flavours to cheeses.The flavours come from the three fatty acids produced when milk fats are hydrolyzed. Hydrolysis of shorter chains of fatty acids is preferable as it results in desirable taste s of many cheeses unlike the hydrolysis of longer chains of fatty acids which could result in soapiness or no flavour at all. It is notable to mention egg products. Many industrially produced cream products used dried egg powder instead of fresh eggs. The enzymes of lipase and glucose are implemented in order to preserve egg powder and maintain its colour.These enzymes are often produced with the assistance of genetically modified microorganisms. Genetically modified microorganisms result in better yields in simply systems. Several cheese making experiments have been carried out with recombinant chymosin and the general aspects of recombinant chymosin have been dealt with. Since most of the rennet (>90%) added to cheese milk is lost in the whey, immobilization would considerably extend its catalytic life. Several rennets have been immobilized, but their deficiency as milk coagulants has been questioned.So, there is a fairly general support for the view that immobilized enzymes canno t coagulate milk properly, owning to inaccessibility of the peptide bond of K-Casein, and that the apparent coagulating activity of immobilized rennets is due to leaching of the enzyme from the support. Different types of conventional cheeses have been successfully made by using recombinant rennet on an experimental scale. No major differences have been detected between cheeses made with recombinant chymosins or natural enzymes, regarding cheese yield, texture, smell, taste, and ripening.Cheese ripening is a complex process mediated by biochemical and biophysical changes during which a bland curd is developed into a mature cheese with characteristic flavour, texture, and aroma. The desirable attributes are produced by the partial and gradual breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins during ripening, mediated by several agents (i) residual coagulants, (ii) starter bacteria and their enzymes, (iii) nonstarter bacteria and their enzymes, (iv) indigenous milk enzymes, especially proteinases, and (v) secondary inocula with their enzymes.Proteolysis occurs in all the cheese varieties and is a prerequisite for characteristic flavour development that can be regulated by proper use of the above agents. Cheese ripening is essentially an enzymatic process which can be accelerated by augmenting activity of the key enzymes. This has the advantage of initiating more specific action for flavour development compared to use of elevated temperatures that can result in accelerating undesirable nonspecific reactions, and consequently off flavour development.Enzymes may be added to develop specific flavours in cheeses, for example lipase addition for the development of Parmesan or Blue-type cheese flavours. The pathways leading to the formation of flavour compounds are largely unknown, and therefore the use of exogenous enzymes to accelerate ripening is mostly an empirical process. Moreover, there are Proteolytic enzymes of lactic acid and bacteria in fermented milk product s.This system is composed of proteinases which initially cleaves the milk protein to peptides; peptidases which cleave the peoptides to small peptides and amino acids; and transport system responsible for cellular uptake of small peptides and amino acids. Lactic acid bacteria have a complex proteolytic system capable of converting milk casein to the free amino acids and peptides necessary for their growth. These proteinases include extracellular proteinases, endopeptidases, aminopeptidases, tripeptidases, and proline-specific peptidases, which are all serine proteases.Aminopeptidases are important for the development of flavour in fermented milk products, since they are capable of releasing single amino acid residues from oligopeptides formed by extracellular proteinase activity. Nevertheless, the other minor enzymes having limited applications in dairy processing include: glucose oxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, sulphydryl oxidase, lactoperoxidase, and lysozymes. Glucose ox idase and catalase are often used together in selected foods for preservation. Superoxide dismutase is an antioxidant for foods and generates H2O2, but is more effective when catalase is present.Thermally induced generation of volatile sulphydryl groups is thought to be responsible for the cooked off-flavour in ultra high temperature processed milk. Use of sulphydryl oxidase under aseptic conditions can eliminate this defect. The natural inhibitory mechanism in raw milk is due to the presence of low levels of lactoperoxidase, which can be activated by the external addition of traces of H2O2  and thiocyanate. The societal impacts of some dairy enzymes are that chymosin, a high quality enzyme, is available at an attractive price.This helps assure available of extra cheeses at a reasonable cost. Due to the lipases, there is a wide variety of flavourful, high-quality cheeses. To sum up, I think that it is amazing that there is a wide variety of alternatives of dairy products as a resu lt of these enzymes that aid the dairy processes. The lactase enzymes can now help individuals enjoy the nutritional benefits and sensory pleasure of dairy products without gastrointestinal side effects by selecting lactose-free or lactose-low dairy products or by providing commercially available lactase to dairy products in the home.It is interesting how these enzymes sustain processes that enable higher yields, more enzyme production; and higher activity, more efficient, affective, dynamic enzymes. Bibliography Category. â€Å"Enzymes in the Dairy Industry – Uses for Enzymes in Food Preparation – Enzymes and Dairy Products. †Ã‚  About. com Biotech and Biomedical Pages. About. com, n. d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.

Sergical Tech. Informative

Courtney Davis English 111 –CML 02-09-12 Essay #2 – informative Do You Want to Be A â€Å"Scrub†? Have you ever considered entertaining the idea of establishing a career in Surgical Technology? Many people are not thoroughly familiar with the job duties, educational requirements, earnings, job outlook, and potential downsides. Exploring these five areas will assist you in making a more informed career decision. Surgical Technologist can also be referred to as â€Å"Scrubs† (Occupational Outlook Handbook, p. ). A Surgical Technologists’ duties before an operation is to help prepare the Operating Room by setting up instruments and equipment that are used and needed by the Surgeon performing the procedure. Cynthia Davis, RN/ CST states her duty â€Å"I prepare and maintain highly complex sterile environments. † They get the patients ready for surgery by washing and shaving the necessary parts of the body that the surgeon will be focusing on. The y also observe the patients vital signs and check charts.During surgery a surgical technologists assist the surgeon or their assistant by passing and holding instruments, cutting sutures, counting needles and other supplies that are essential to the surgery being performed at the time. Sometimes the surgical techs even operate suction machines, sterilizers, adjust lights to a specific area, and help operate diagnostic equipment that is in the surgical room. .Cynthia describes her position as â€Å"the primary surgical tech responsible for handling instruments, supplies, and equipment during all surgical procedures. These procedures range from minimally invasive biopsies to highly complex surgeries†.After an operation Scrubs may help the patient to recovery. They also clean and restock the operating room so that it will be ready for the next operation. Jennifer Davis, NP . , says, â€Å"My responsibilities as a surgical technologist are to set up, maintain a sterile field dur ing surgery, assist the surgeon if needed and clean up and start all over again†. Most Scrubs work a regular 40hour week, but also will remain on call to work nights, weekends, or whenever needed just depending on how many surgeries are scheduled throughout the week. Usually, holidays are on a rotating basis. (Bureau of Labor Statistics,U. S.Department of Labor. ) Most employers prefer to hire certified technologist. Training programs last 9-24 months and lead to a certificate, diploma, or associates degree (Occupational Outlook Handbook, p. 1). Technologist may obtain voluntary professional certification from the National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting by graduating from a CAAHEP-accredited program and a passing a national certification examination In order to maintain certification they must earn 60 hours of approved continuing education over 4 years or retake and pass the certifying exam at the end of 4 years (Occupational Outlook Handbook, p. 3).The wa ges of surgical technologist can vary with their experience, education, responsibility of the position, working hours, and the economy of a given region of the country (Occupational Outlook Handbook). The benefits that are provided by most employers will include paid vacation and sick leave, health, medical, vision, dental, life insurance; and a retirement program. A few even provide tuition reimbursement and child care benefits. Cynthia Davis reports she organizes her own schedule that must consist of four twelve hour shifts , says she is always on call but that the excellent benefits and health insurance make up for it. . On average surgical technologist made $38,740 in May of 2008 according to Occupational Outlook Handbook. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor the employment is expected to grow much faster than average. Job opportunities will be the best for those willing to relocate (ooh) in 2008, surgical Technologist held about 91,500 jobs, wi th 71 percent of the jobs being in hospitals. Other positions were held in offices of physicians’, dentist, and ambulatory surgical centers (Occupational Outlook Handbook). Industries employing the largest numbers of surgical technologist were Specialty hospitals $40,880 and Out patient centers $39,660. (Bureau of Labor Statics, U. S. Department of Labor) â€Å"Technologists must respond quickly and must be familiar with operation procedures in the order to have instruments ready for surgeons without having to be told to do so† (Occupational Outlook Handbook, p. 3). Scrubs need manual dexterity to handle instruments quickly. They must be conscientious, orderly, and emotionally stable to handle the demand s of the operating room environment.Potential downsides are standing for long periods of time, being exposed to communicable diseases and unpleasant sights, odors and materials. Jennifer describes this job as high stress but very rewarding. The worst part of the job is losing a patient. † In conclusion, the thought of establishing yourself in a surgical technology career can consist of knowing the duties, educational requirements, earnings, job outlook, and the potential downsides to the job.The relatively short amount of time it takes to obtain a degree or license needed to start a career, the joy of doing something different everyday, and the substantial earnings you can make each year are all good reasons to pursue nursing as a career, as long as the downsides are tolerable for you. If you are thinking that the downsides don’t seem so bad then you should check into pursuing a career in surgical technology and you can be a â€Å"Scrub†.

Effects of Divorce

This can cause children to have many social problems as they start to get older. Most boys that are raised by single mothers are likely to end up going to prison. Young girls that have parents who are divorced will more likely start having sex at an early age. Divorce is also listed as a social symptom because it is the representation for other couple related problems. An example can be how people are a lot greedier in today's world and prefer riches over family values. Like the man who would stay home to drink all night and ignore his family.Or a woman who constantly heats on her husband because he works too much. Our current society does not understand the true importance of family, children, and marriage itself. Divorce would mainly be an excuse for people who are trading off the things that can really fuel a couple's love. Being distracted and won over by material things does happen in real life, like a similar situation you would see in movies. Some Of these negative factors can include: Sex with complete strangers Obtaining over-expensive vehicles and houses Obtaining money and valuable, cosmetic items Illegal drug abuse and drug marketingMany married men and women have had affairs outside of their marriage. Women would usually tend to have a deeper, emotional connection with the person they love, and are more likely to have an affair on the side. This is because they might be feeling lonely or are looking to fill that empty emotional feeling. Men may have more motivations sexually and are less likely to have an emotional bond with a different partner. Cheating may not be the leading cause of a filing divorce, but it can completely destroy a marriage.The biggest reason for married couples to split up with each other s because they are not compatible at all. When couples feel they are incompatible, they will have trouble finding an appropriate way to communicate with each other. Most married couples do not discuss cheating if they suspect one Of doing such . Stress and anxiety are one of the main factors when one has suspicions and fears their mate is being unfaithful. Children may or may not be the cause of a divorce. For them, a divorce can be upsetting stressful, and very confusing if they re younger. This is part of the reason divorce is listed as a problem.It will always have a negative effect n any surroundings, especially the children. At any age, children may feel anger at the idea of their parents being split up. If one was a parent, they can make the process for their kids a lot less painful. Helping their children to cope with divorce will give good stability in the household. Attending to the needs of one's child with a positive and well-mannered attitude can also help them cope. The process will be difficult by default, but this would help the situation. Marriage can be one of the most beautiful things in the world.But with the competitiveness and time restraints in today's society, keeping up with a arraign will become r ather difficult. Many couples will go through plenty of obstacles to make sure that their relationship will remain in a good state. Married couples that are aged between 20 and 30 seem to find divorce as their only solution. They are not as patient as older couples. They would choose not to wait for their relationship to grow and hopefully prosper. Younger couples expect for their relationship to be perfect, which is never possible in any type of marriage.There will always be problems, from the smallest issue to the biggest. A trend in the United States is that the younger peoples have a lot of impatience and high expectations, which eventually leads to a divorce case. The number of cases in this country have been at an increase. Usually the couples would choose to walk out on each other rather than having an argument. This lessens the effect their divorce would have on other surroundings. Couples that live in a fast paced environment will not have enough time to spend with each oth er.Having enough time to spend together is a very important part in keeping a new relationship strong. Marriage eventually comes with its own issues and these issues can be fixed with proper immunization. New, younger couples tend to work long hours which invades any free time they might have. Couples that have challenging careers will spend more time working. Having financial independence can give one a snobby type of ego. But if both people in the relationship have good financial independence, they will eventually realize that money cannot fix what is missing in their marriage.Patience is one of the main factors in keeping up with a working marriage. These relationships are not supposed to be run by only one individual. Couples must work with each other to turn their lifelong journey into a happy, lathe, and successful one at that. Having a good understanding about the value of marriage will benefit both sides of the relationship, rather than treating it as if it was another day o n the job. No two people are going to be like each other. And any possible fight that a couple will have does not mean it is the beginning of the end of their marriage.Communication is one of the best keys in having a strong marriage, or any relationship actually. Couples fail to realize that they need to treat their marriage as their top priority, and to take time out of the day for one on one communication. Divorce should to come in the picture at all if younger couples were to spend more time with each other, especially before they choose to become officially married. If there was not any form of good communication beforehand, then they will find it a struggle to have more romance or attraction to each other after marriage.In cases where divorce might possibly be the solution, both sides of the couple should think about their possibilities. If one's spouse is not responding or communicating, then one needs to talk to themselves about the issue. Sometimes it is more efficient to t hink about how the problem in the arraign started. New ideas might come to life if one figures out any possible solutions to save the marriage from a divorce. This would only help if one really seeks to save a problematic marriage. Honesty can come a long way and if one isn't honest with themselves, how will they be able to fix anything?Marriages will require a large amount of time and nourishment in order to stay healthy until the final day. Love has brought two people together, and it should be able to stay that way. Once the end of the day hits, no couple wants to be walking away from each other. There is a common assumption that one argument between couples in most marriages will end it. The reasons for the argument can usually be unimportant issues. Research has shown that over half of divorces have ended marriages where there was little to no sign of abuse.Time after these marriages have ended, the children involved were having their own side of troubles. Struggles in school B eing bullied Lower grade point averages Depression and anxiety Anti-socialism These are especially common in children from marriages that have little to no problems. A divorce for the smallest issue or no issue at all can be vegetating to a child. They would not understand why divorce has come into their home if they did not see any problems with their parents. There will be times where divorce is the necessary solution to a problem.If this does happen, it would be better for the kids not to lose their relationship with both parents. It would also benefit them if they were not to be dragged down into the parents' never ending fights. Usually when the parents talk to their children, they would list how the divorce would be a good thing and will be good for everyone in the family. This only shows what the parents want ND will not let the children voice their own opinion on the matter. The debate on whether divorce is a solution or just another problem in marriage has been gong on for a long time.The debate is between adults, for adult couples, on determining the point of view of an adult marriage. Children have not been able to say what they think or how they feel. Children from a supposedly good divorce have developed worse behaviors than before. The children that have come from unhappy and slightly problematic marriages have better behavior. But that does not excuse the stress that has been put pony them. A situation like this causes children to grow up too fast and may be susceptible to divorce as they become older.Since parents would technically share the child in terms of living with each parent for a set amount of days, they would feel more stressed out. The child practically has to travel between two completely separate worlds, which involved different rules to live by and the stature of the parent. I personally have a friend who is very close and dear to me, with a similar situation. Her parents have had multiple issues and I have witnessed them myself. They are not divorced, but the idea of divorce has come up in their conversations.With the husband constantly working and being lazy once he comes home, the mother is always doing the chores around the house. There are three kids in the house, which now they are older and have become a lot more mature. My friend in particular had to grow up at a very fast rate because of her mother being sick, and her father being away on a business trip. She had to take over the parent role for her younger siblings and I notice this has taken an effect on her. She has then become over-protective of her Emily, and sometimes protective of me but see it as her being a good friend.Today, the family has become healthier and the parents are still together. Divorce in the end is all of the above; a solution, a problem, and a symptom. Certain couples will have their own way of handling their issues. Abusive couples may require divorce as a major solution. Younger couples should learn how to cope with their issues rather than taking the easy way out. In my friend's case, divorce was merely a temporary symptom. Couples fail to realize that blaming the problem on each Other is what Starts it. The problem n marriage comes from within.

Systems and diffusion of innovation theories as they apply to Essay

Systems and diffusion of innovation theories as they apply to healthcare delivery and nursing practice - Essay Example Such demands energy. The theory also tackles the concept of equifinality, which is among the differences between closed and open systems. Equifinality describes a system that can reach the same final state even with different states of initial condition. Unlike close systems that have positive entropy, open systems also approach minimum entropy production, thus aiming for complexity. Taking note of all of these differences, it has been described that the stable state of closed and open systems are equilibrium and steady-state, respectively (von Bertalanffy, 1950). 1. Systems Theory and Healthcare Delivery in the U. S. The Healthcare system, in general, is an open system. It does not react to changes by trying to maintain its state, but by trying to adapt to the changes it is up against. It is in a constantly changing state to maintain its stability, so to speak. Historically, in United States, from 1965, the expenses for healthcare has steadily increased at least 4.5% yearly, much gr eater than the 1.7% increase posted by the country’s gross domestic product, a measure of income. A part of the healthcare expense has increasingly been depended on the private sector, through the private health insurance provided by the employers. The government, on its part also took part in covering for the increase in healthcare expenses. The advancements in medical technologies and the deregulation of medical supply have caused such increase in expenses. However, when the country was undergoing recession, the government implemented the â€Å"managed care†, in which the government limited the use of advanced medical equipment and therapy options (Reinhardt, 2001). In addition, the healthcare system is equifinal. For example, a patient’s willingness to use a novel therapeutic option depends upon the healthcare provider’s sex, specialty, medical school, years in profession, practice volume, and practice location (Sanson-Fisher, 2004). The different perm utations that can lead to the willingness to subject to a treatment option are many. One may arrive at the final decision of (dis)agreeing to undergo the treatment option even through different initial points. 2. Systems Theory and Nursing Practice Going inside the healthcare system is a complicated one because of its complex structure. It is so complex that the nursing profession itself, which is the largest healthcare profession in the United States, is an open system. Their characteristic as an open system is evident in various instances. First, the final state in nursing practice does not depend on the amount of initial state from which it came or the tangible additions or omissions that resulted to the existence of the final state. For example, the nurses’ role in healthcare is vital because they provide the majority of the initial care to the patients, especially among those in critical condition. Specifically, nurses of a certain section of the hospital are exposed to the same conditions during their clinical practice, but yet others graciously handle the situation and others crack under pressure (Smith, 2010). Diffusion of Innovation Theory Applied to the Current Situation From the name itself, diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory, as proposed by Rogers is a much more recently developed theory concerned with the adoption of innovations by a unit over time. In this theory, the contribution of the subunits in spreading the new

Genetic Modification a Hybrid DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genetic Modification a Hybrid DNA - Essay Example In case of genetic modification, a hybrid DNA is produced by combining DNA from different organisms. These organisms could be far apart in nature – like producing an organism by combining DNA of dog and cat. In case of non-genetically modified organism natural crossing is done between two different breeds of the same species to produce the combination of the better of the two. This is rather a natural evolutionary process, while the genetic engineering is a completely artificial synthesis of DNA in a test tube. 2. This is possible but this will require the techniques of genetic engineering. To differentiate critically, one requires identifying genes of both the plants. In case of genetically modified plants there will be genes of genes of some other type of plants, while in case of plants modified by molecular genetics, all the genes will be from the same plant. 3. Some relevant examples are - food poisoning, dysentery, nausea or vomiting, obesity, lack of micronutrients, excessive intake of different constituents like iron, allergy, retarded growth etc. All of this can be caused by genetically modified food. But, here I must add a word of caution, all of these can be caused by conventional food as well. The problem is not with the conventional or genetically modified food but is with unsafe food. The only thing that goes in favor of conventional food here is that these are tested and tried since time immemorable, while genetically modified foods are recent phenomena and therefore, some lack of trust is but natural. 4. To answer this we need to go to the basics. For any organism its characteristic is coded in its DNA – be its nutritional composition, shelf life, yield, disease resistance. In case the DNA is suitably modified, these characteristics can be modified. For example, extract a gene resp, possibly for higher yield from a plant and put this into a low yield crop.  

Managing Across Cultures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Across Cultures - Assignment Example Geert Hofstede was a sociologist in a multinational corporation (Hofstede, 1991; Hofstede and Peterson, 2000). He had analyzed and defined the culture into five parts which would help in understanding other cultures well. They are given below: Individualism and Collectivism: In some culture, they emphasize on staying individually whereas in some other groups, they prefer staying in groups. If an organization plans to expand in a country which is individualistic in nature, then the group behaviour of the organization might get negatively affected by the cultural behaviour of the nation. Power Distance: The part of the culture which deals with the distribution of the organizational power is known as power distance. It is the extent to which the organizational members with lesser authority accept the fact that power is distributed unequally. If the new employees, who would be hired in the business after its expansion, could not accept the unequal distribution of power, then it might lea d to reduced work efficiency or increased employee turnover rate. Uncertainty avoidance: It is the tolerance for the uncertainty or ambiguity. It represents the extent to which the members cope-up with the anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. People belonging to cultures with very high uncertainty avoidance tend to be highly emotional. ... The long term oriented societies generally focus on the long term future while making any plans. On the other hand, the short term orientation societies focus on the short term future during decision making. As culture is described as the inherited concepts, values or ways of living that are shared by the individuals of same social group, it holds an importance in every aspect of the business performance. The culture of a nation builds the individual cultures of the people belonging in it. Any business which expands its operations in another nation is bound to face different cultural values. This cultural diversity might negatively as well as positively impact the performance of the business. The culture is said to be dynamic in nature as it changes with the time. This change in the culture might lead to the rise of several conflicts. The field associated with management is changing and evolving in a continuous manner with emergence of new ways and techniques of managing the organiza tions and their employees (Abo, 1994). Myriad methods and theories of management have been established for increasing the operational efficiency of the organizations and their employees. Most of the modern management theories or models are derived from the cultural aspects (Hofstede, 1980). These theories have been designed for establishing and maximizing the success as well as the productivity of the managers, employees and also, the organizations. These theories and methodologies represent the cultural identity of the employees and managers. Many researchers suggest that attempting to establish or implement management practices without considering the organizational culture, often leads to failure of such practices. In such cases,

Discuss the multiple theories of reading that are presented in Essay

Discuss the multiple theories of reading that are presented in Northanger Abbey. How might they lead us to create a theory of reading for real readers, and why might this theory be important - Essay Example The novel encompasses a strong morale, guidance for the choice for true companion and shows how other considerations are mere shallow. ‘Northanger Abbey’ can be treated as a torch bearer of the Austen canon. Very rightly, it upholds or clearly indicates the theme of Jane’s forthcoming novels. As a literary piece, the novel has a great value. ‘Northanger Abbey’ encompasses within its plot, few frivolities of the Eighteenth century literature and encapsulates many of the contemporary fiction and their genre. The novel, ‘Northanger Abbey’ is often claimed by critics as â€Å"earliest and least perfect†. It is also criticized that ‘Northanger Abbey’, â€Å"lacks the narrative sophistication of the later works†. But the main fact is quite different from all these criticism. Within its limited scope, Austen tried to portray a discursive description of what a fiction might be. He precisely shows the way that how a novel should be written and most importantly, read. The heroine of ‘Northanger Abbey’ Catherine is deliberately portrayed as a complete deviation from the conventional heroines of Eighteenth century fictions. Catherine is simple and notably undistinguished. She is a girl from a middle-class family and she falls in love with her hero, much before the hero of Austen’s ‘Northanger Abbey’ put any of his serious thoughts on the girl. All these deviations prove that Austen desperately wanted to re-shape and re-evalu ate Eighteenth century fiction and its reading pattern along with the writing style. This is also a vital reason for manifesting the plot of ‘Northanger Abbey’ in a fashion of a parody for Gothic Fiction. ‘Northanger Abbey’ is indeed an important literary document; purely concomitant to the Radcliffeian popularity, and is truly a literary landmark. It is more than a mere debunking sentimental Gothic novel. It is a serious attempt to depose a narrative technique that challenges the stress on characters by Richardson and

Study skills used by Gateway students Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Study skills used by Gateway students - Thesis Example A major contributing factor to the success of students in various examinations rests with the kind of study skills adopted by students (Koduah, 2010). The Education Atlas (2011) explains that a study skill involves a whole lot of concepts including â€Å"developing effective study skills, improving reading comprehension, discovering your own personal study style, learning to manage your time more efficiently and learning the best way to prepare for exams.† This is to say that the study skills adopted by a student envelope the entire study or learning program of the student. Indeed, there cannot be any successful educational program without a study skill in place. Study skills are commonly adopted by students. However, it is very important that educators of the student, most especially teachers of the student play a role in selecting the most appropriate and workable study skill that would work best for a student. This is because not all strategies work best for all teachers. With the professional knowhow of teachers however, they are in a better position to discovering the study skills that work best for each students. The selection of study skills should therefore be a collaborative activity between students and educators. Problem statement The Gateway to College â€Å"serves youth, 16 to 21 years old, who have dropped out of school or are significantly behind in credits and unlikely to graduate† (Gateway to College Organization, 2011). The researcher embarked on this course project to find out the various study skills adopted by students in the Gateway Course; the factors that influence the selection of the various study skills and how the study skills are impacting on the academ ic success of the students. Research Questions The following questions were designed to be delimitation in guiding the researcher in the course of the research. This is to say that data and information collection shall be based on the research questions and not outside the research questions. Again, the research aims and objectives shall be crafted around the achievement of the research questions. The research questions are: 1. What are the factors that account for the selection of particular study skills by Gateway students? 2. What role do educators play in the selection of study skills by Gateway students? 3. What are the commonest study skills used by Gateway students? 4. What are the principles necessary in the selection of a study skill for an individual? 5. How does the study skill used by a student affect his or her learning outcome? Objectives The research is being embarked on to achieve the following objectives: 1. To identify the factors necessary in the selection of stud y skills by students. 2. Identify the role educators (most importantly teachers) can play in the selection of study skills for students. 3. To be abreast with the commonest study skills adopted and used by Gateway students. 4. To scrutinize principles necessary in the selection of study skills for and by students. 5. To identify the role study skills play in the general success of students. Justification This course project is an assignment for a class I am taking in the Gateway to College class. Indeed there were a lot of topical areas that I could have decided to write on. I however decided to write on the study skills adopted by students for a number of justifiable reasons. In the first place, the researcher acknowledges the important role that study skills play in the success of students’ examinations. With the objective of the Gateway to College program being to help students with low academic standings to advance to the higher level, it is extremely important that all

Analysis of the Financial Misselling Assignment

Analysis of the Financial Misselling - Assignment Example In the recent case in Barclays Company, Bob Diamond broke the ranks with Barclays after the dismissal of alleged interest rate swaps. Human error is one of the important factors leading to the misselling practices. The mistakes will be done when the financial products are sold in thousands and need emerges for addressing the mistakes and also provide proper compensation for them. Another example of financial misselling moves centers around the interest rate swaps as well as their alleged misselling to the small business. A company named Norton Accord has been also accused of financial misselling with the instance of interest rate swaps. The misselling scandal can lead the banks in costing billions. Incompetence is seen from the salespeople who are caused by the poor training as well as insufficient compliance systems. There lies a big difference between the odd mistakes from the individuals inferred from Barclays where there was insufficient knowledge for the individuals. Another maj or factor in the misspelling is that of making money. This is one of the factors which lead the banks to set up certain standards. The banks place generally place a great pressure on the sales persons to make huge profits. Selling of the derivatives is highly incentivized in bonuses and promotions. The large targets are placed on the products and they must meet the criteria for the wrath of management. The systems lead to the circumstances that the salespeople are under pressure and they are paid for selling a product which is supposed to be in the best interest of the customer. Looking at right ways, the customers are on the right track as well as hitting the sales targets can be visualized as diametrically opposite to another (The causes of the misselling scandal, 2012).  Ã‚  

Managing Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Contracts - Essay Example Contract management is not an exact science (Gray and Larson, 412) and there is no perfect contract management system (412). An effective contract management system acts as an interface between the buyer’s and the supplier’s organization. Individuals or teams applying the contract management system should have requisite technical, contractual, and business knowledge to understand both sides of the arrangement. A contract is a legally binding instrument typically carried out with customers, vendors, partners or employees. It includes negotiating terms and conditions and ensuring their compliance. A contract results when each party, the contractor and the customer, promises the other a valuable benefit. The customer must have all the funds ready for the execution of a project and cannot expect any benefits until the completion of the project. Contract or agreement is the document that enables the initiation and conduct of a project (Hill, 611). Contract is the confirmation of the customer’s request for the project and represents the contractor’s intent to achieve project deliverables and objectives (Hill, 611). Contract is more than a formal agreement between two parties and is a codification of the private law, which governs the relationship between the customer and the service provider (Gray and Larson, 413). Contract can be made with or within an organization. This usually means while one party promises to deliver certain goods, property or services by a specified date and the other party promises to accept the goods, property, or services and pay for them. Failure of one party to keep its promise may result in action by the other for breach of contract (Lock). Since contract management requires time and effort, adequate resources must be allocated to it. The conditions of the contract need to be clearly

Fish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fish - Essay Example The success of tilapia fishing has been its profitable aspect due to its omnivorous feeding habits, its rapid growth that allow high populations in the ponds, its high tolerance level allows the species to be harvested in large quantity (Halweil and Mastny, 56). The reason for tilapia farming is that its farming helps in the acquirement of Omega 6 and Omega 3 that are so important in the human body. Tilapia farming has also helped to reduce the disease occurrence of the fish species. Tilapia population in the world is around 1,500000 metric tonnes. Trout fish are a native fish of the north west America parts, but in the recent days they have been introduced into the rest of the world. The most cultivated trout are the rainbow trout due to its hardy species. It has been a successful farming because of the tolerability of the fish species in a wide range of temperatures (0-27ÌŠ C), trout fish are also farmed due to their ability to survive in fresh water. The population of trout in Britain is 16000 tonnes each year. The farming of trout in ponds and cages in the world has really helped in controlling its wild population because wild trout help in cleaning the river streams and oxygenation of the water (Halweil and Mastny, 63). Carp fish are of many different types such as common carp, grass carp among other types. Carp fish is a native fish from the Asia and Europe. Carp fish has a hurting effect on the other wild fish, this is because they interfere with the vegetation found on the sea bed, and hence other fish starve to death or migrate to other areas (Halweil and Mastny, 67). Fish farming has had a negative effect on the environment in the world. Most of the wet areas along the coast of the planets have been dried up as most of them are cleared in order to create space for putting up a fish farm. The mangrove vegetation is cut down for easy flow of water (Halweil and Mastny 2008). It is known that fish

Why we get a brain freeze Essay Example for Free

Why we get a brain freeze Essay Brain freeze occurs when something extremely cold touches the upper-palate (roof of the mouth). It normally happens when the weather is very hot, and the individual consumes something too fast. We all love Icey cold foods, especially on a ht summer day, but too much of it too fast can give us a real headache. Who hasnt had a bout of brain freeze immediately after they throw that blizzard back too fast. Brain freeze is something which most people have heard of, but which they actually know very little about. Generally it is the term given to the feeling you get after eating or drinking something extremely cold. It tends to occur when these foods and drinks are consumed fairly quickly and it is definitely not a very nice experience! So just what is it and why does it occur? What Happens What you may not know is that the pain actually occurs from the cold food and drink touching the roof of the mouth. It is the warming, afterwards, of the hard palate that causes the pain rather than the cold as what many people mistakenly think. So just why does it occur? Well the body is designed to keep as much heat in as possible, especially on a cold day. So when you breathe through your mouth for example, the body reduces the blood flow in the mouth in order to preserve heat. The way in which blood flow is reduced is that the diameter of the blood vessels is reduced. This is known as Vasoconstriction and once it has occurred, the blood vessels then return to normal which results in the dilation of the arteries within the palate. It is the nerves within the palate that translate the dilation as pain and that is why you experience brain freeze.Usually brain freeze only lasts a few seconds but it is possible that it could last for a minute or two. It is extremely rare for the pain to last any longer than that. Dealing with Brain Freeze When you experience it, it can be a really horrible experience. However, there are some things that you can do which are thought to help to relieve the pain. One of these things is to move your tongue to the roof of your mouth. This helps to warm the palate and similarly you could also try to drink water that has been left at room temperature. One thing to remember is that the temperature within the mouth does tend to heat up fairly quickly. So by covering your nose and your mouth while breathing, it could really help to speed up the warming process. The cold air that you breathe in will only make the condition worse. About Brain Freeze Studies have been carried out to see if there is a link between brain freeze and its sufferers. Not everybody experiences the condition; it is thought that only roughly 30% of the population suffers from brain freeze. Usually it is brought on after eating something such as ice cream or drinking a slurpee drink. There is also a theory that people who suffer from migraines may be more likely to suffer from brain freeze than anybody else. Slow Down Brain freeze is that little extra you get when you eat or drink your favorite cold foods. If you have been susceptible to brain freeze in the past, be careful when consuming these goodies, take your time and enjoy them. This way you can thoroughly enjoy that icey treat and avoid that icey headache. My Summary I did my summary on brain freeze’s. You can get a brain freeze by ice cream. You can also get a brain freeze by water ice or something that you ate that was cold. A brain freeze often occurs when something cold touches the top of your mouth.

A History Of The Renaissance Period History Essay

A History Of The Renaissance Period History Essay The Renaissance was a period in European history marked by a cultural flowering. The Renaissance is defined as the revival or rebirth of the arts. The home of the Renaissance was Italy, with its position of prominence on the Mediterranean Sea.   Italy was the commerce capital between Europe and Eurasia, during this time period, from fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Painters, sculptors, and architects exhibited a similar sense of adventure and the desire for greater knowledge and new solutions. During the Renaissance, artist were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been to the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, compared to poets and writers. Many artisans merged mathematics with art, in order to become more precise in their measurements and to make sure an object was supported both rationally and proportionally. However, Renaissance artists also placed human concerns and feelings at the center of their works. Such optimism combined with intellectual curiosity and increasing worldliness made it possible for art to be valued. Over all, the Renaissance art movement completely discredited the middle Ages as being dead both intellectually and artistically, thus rendering the Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic style art as being without value. The Renaissance came from a revival of the Classical ideas, concepts, and knowledge.   What had once been forgotten was once again the focus of society.   It was also found that in Classical times artists enjoyed a much higher level of prestige than they did during the Middle Ages.   Artists wanted to enjoy this status once again. The Renaissance took place over a long period of time.   Maybe this is an indication of its immense popularity both then and now.   However, the Italian Renaissance can be divided into three distinct periods known as Early, High, and Late respectively.   These stages were preceded by the Gothic art movement, which acted as a bridge between the middle Ages and the Renaissance, and was followed by Mannerism, which bridged the gap between the Renaissance and the Baroque.   Mannerism hardly had an effect on the popular arts of the time and was not fit into the already neatly categorized art periods when historians looked back upon the era. Early Renaissance art took up most of the 15th century and was characterized by inspiration from antiquity.   The movement was focused in Florence, Italy because this local had brought attention upon itself through various conflicts within the church and with its neighbors.   The art form focused on the human body, space, and the laws of proportion when it came to architecture.   The belief was that progress and development were the backbone of the evolution and survival of art.   The primary painter of the time was Masaccio.   His work was religious in nature and his inspiration came not from other painters, but from the sculptor Donatello and the architect Brunelleschi. High Renaissance art was characterized by creating physical presence, drama, and balance than on the behavior and personality that were the focus of Early Renaissance art.   The major painters of the time were numerous.   There was Leonardo da Vinci, Donato, Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian.   This period was short lived, lasting from about 1495-1520 and served as a transitional period between early and late Renaissance.   However, although brief, the art that flowed from this period was exceptional and some of the most famous artists ever produced work during this time.   After all, these artists had such a command over their talents that they were able to produce any natural effect they desired and they had an intellect that allowed for balance and harmony along with fine detail, also was created a term for some of them, Renaissance man. The term Renaissance man has come to mean someone with exceptional skills in a wide range of fields. The description applies to many people during the Renaissance, but there are two outstanding candidates for the title. They are Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. The older man, Leonardo, is exceptional in that he excels in two entirely different disciplines, experimental science and the visual arts. But on the artistic side alone, Michelangelo must be the man. He creates works, all of the highest quality, in the four distinct fields of sculpture, painting, architecture and poetry. The late Renaissance began with the sack of Rome in 1527.   Artists had to scramble to relocate throughout Italy, France, and Spain.   This period led to what is now called Mannerism.   Mannerism artists turned to producing paintings of people, often nudes, that were portrayed in strange poses and looking somewhat grotesque while odd themes were used and emotion looked horrifying.  Michelangelo was the only painter from the High Renaissance to make into the late period. The growing emphasis on individualism during the Renaissance began a change of status for composers of music in society. Unlike their medieval predecessors, Renaissance composers were recognized more often during their lifetimes. The technology of printing permitted a much wider distribution of their works and enabled a larger public into the study of music. Even when spiritual music was still in a dominant position, secular music was becoming more common and its forms more cultivated than in the previous era. The repertoire of instrumental music became more varied, along with the invention of new instruments and many of the instruments of the period were improved. Humanism is considered to be the most significant intellectual movement of the Renaissance. As its name implies, humanism was a philosophy that was characterized by blending concern with the history and actions of all human beings, and their influences on the world with religious duty. Prior to Renaissance thinking Medieval Europe considered life to be sinful that people should only be concerned about their duty to God and the afterlife. The humanists thought that every person has respect and worth and therefore should command the respect of every other person. The humanistic movement began during the early Italian Renaissance with the rediscovery of the writings of classical Greeks and Romans, which were not only models of literary style, but considered to be guides to the understanding of life. The Renaissance movement ushered in the use of oil paints.   This was a boon to artists as, due to the slow drying time of oil paints, they could edit their paintings, making adjustments over a period of months.   They could now focus more on the quality of light on their paintings and were also more in tune with the architectural accuracy of the buildings in the background of their work.   Themes centered on Greek and Roman mythology as well as Biblical characters and the Madonna was a pre-eminent figure.   When it came to depictions of the human body, emphasis was often put on the nude form and the perfection of the body. Another important result of the Renaissance was that painters began to communicate more with poets, essayists, philosophers, and scientists.   The boundaries between these disciplines began to blur and they began to share ideas with one another and recognized one another for the visionaries they truly were. What caused this rebirth of the visual arts is still unclear; the fourteenth century in Europe witnessed several catastrophic harvests, the Black Death (1346), and a continuing war between England and France. Hardly ideal conditions for an eruption of creativity let alone a sustained birth of paintings, drawings, sculptures and new buildings. Moreover, the Church, the biggest patron of the arts, was racked with disagreements about spiritual and secular issues. Prosperity was also coming to Northern Europe, as evidenced by the establishment in Germany of the Hanseatic League of cities. This increasing wealth provided the financial support for a growing number of commissions of large public and private art projects, while the trade routes upon which it was based greatly assisted the spread of ideas and thus contributed to the growth of the movement across the Continent. Allied to this spread of ideas, which incidentally speeded up significantly with the invention of printing, there was an undoubted sense of impatience at the slow progress of change. After a thousand years of cultural and intellectual starvation, Europe and especially Italy, was anxious for a re-birth. Over all, the Renaissance produced some of the most well known art ever created in human history.   It was a time of revival, of going back to something form the past that worked and bringing that past into new light.   After more than five hundred years we still marvel at the works of artists such as Da Vinci and Michelangelo. Humanism downplayed religious and secular dogma and instead attached the greatest importance to the dignity and worth of the individual. This period was unique in its portrayal of the human body and in its enmeshment of art and science.   It was proof that the old and the new can come together in harmony.

Ms Simulation Reflective Report Marketing Essay

Ms Simulation Reflective Report Marketing Essay Motor vehicle industry is growing industries in the world. Demand for vehicles is so high globally which makes the industry to be innovative and creative to meet the changing needs and wants of the people. Our company was among other StratSim companies formed for the purpose of simulation within the Vehicle manufacturing industries. Our firm was firm D with the vehicles ranging from Economic (Delite), Family (Defy) and Truck (Dusty) for the value seekers, family oriented and singles within the given regions. 2.0 OUR COMPANY MISSION AND VISION STATEMENT As our initial budget, market position and cash flow was similar to other Stratsim firms and therefore our mission is to increase sales and provide the customers with the safety and quality standard vehicles to gain highest returns while at the same time remaining low cost producers in comparison to our competitors. Our vision is to make available the vehicles which our customers require in the best and affordable prices and standards. 3.0 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ANALYSIS Internal and external analysis is when different factors are analysed from within the firm and around the competitors and industry as a whole to give the precise position of the firm and its performance standards. 3.1 PESTEL Political: As this was a simulation and not the real world firm there were no many implications on political instabilities within the region. In the real world though there are government instabilities which can hinder the operations of the firm such as change in government, introduction of new legislations, Ethical requirements by government etc. Economical: In Period one the economy and gas prices were stable suitable for the greater sales. The industry expenditure was also flat to $1,505 million. In the period 5 the economy grew better than expected which gave rise to the vehicle sales. However crude oil prices had gone high by the end of the period 4. Initially was $3 p/gal and then forecasted to rise to $4.90 by period 6. This was a concern for the coming periods as inflation seemed to be ranging from 2% to 2.5%. Industry marketing expenditure also increased by $ 206 million to $1,977 million and GDP rose to 2.5% by period 5 while initially was 1.0%. Social: Highest class is the family segment with the sales units (000) 4,706 out of which our firm had 12.3% share by period 5 which was a decrease as initial share was 14.3%. The second value seekers who mostly go for economic vehicles to with the total sales 1,327,000 and we hold the share of 10.9% by period 5. And the singles segment was mainly aimed for the trucks and their total sales 1,233,000 out of which we hold 11.9%. Our concerned were the value seekers, families and singles and not segments like high income earners and enterprisers. Technological: In the simulation game the technology was limited to development centres, interior, styling, safety and quality. Cargo space, braking system, reliability and durability of the vehicles are the main technically concentrated areas. In todays vehicle industry aspects such as noise, speed, digital dashboards, stylish folding seats and other features are emphasized. With the simulation the maximum feasible for the development centres was 5 and ours was 2, while interior maximum was 11 and out of which our firm was having 4, styling maximum was 12 and we were rating to 6, safety was 11 and we were rated 5 and quality was maximum 12 out of which we rated 6. Environmental: This was not a major concern though lead free vehicles with minimum noise structure are preferred. Vehicles with good fuel consumption are opted by majority of the customers and therefore help in preserving our environment. Legal: Laws on labour, vehicle manufacturing, registration and many others normally affect the vehicle industries but in the case of simulation this was not a concern though it was believed that the firm is in compliance with all the necessary legal requirements such as safety, quality, ethics etc. PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Porter 5 forces are used to determine the intensity of the competition and evaluate the actual position that the firm is holding. Summary of the Five Forces: Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of customers Threat of substitute Threat of new entrants Competition within/rivalry HIGH 7 firms competing head to head within the industry HIGH As there are 7 firms in total within the industry depending upon the same supplier MODERATE Motor bikes, Bicycles or use of public transport LOW As high investments required, customers buying power and high technological cost HIGH As there are 7 firms within the industry serving the same segments e.g. family, economic and truck Threat of New Entrants: is low due to high investments requirement, high customer buying power and high technological cost incurred to establish and maintain the firm. Though in the simulation the threat is low as the appointed firms are the only ones competing. This leads to growth as managers can concentrate on available competition therefore make more strategic decisions. Threat of Substitutes: this is moderate as due to high traffic jams, pollution and environmental awareness many of the people opt for motor bikes, bicycles or using public transport instead of owning a vehicle. But most of our sales were basing on the family vehicles which means family people would of course still prefer having a convenience means of transport for the whole family and also those who need to carry bulky goods would rather have a truck or spacious vehicle then using the alternatives. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: is high though it is not specified within the simulation but is evident as 7 firms depend on the minimum number of suppliers and therefore this gives the upper hand to the supplier to bargain a good deal out of their buyers. This restricts the managements decision to be cost effective as manufacturing cost is increased with the suppliers bargaining power. Bargaining Power of Buyers: is high as there are 7 firms producing similar vehicles with very less differentiated features if any in the same segments of economy, family and truck therefore giving the buyers more choices to select from before buying the vehicles. This is good in a way management can be innovative to bring out best vehicles to offer to buyers but also restricts on the price bases as customers have the upper hand. Rivalry/competition: is high as there are 7 firms competing head to head to gain higher market share and returns and therefore gives an intensified competition to all the firms. This is healthy to some point as it gives the challenge to managers but it is a threat as when firm fails to provide better and reasonable vehicles compared to the rivals. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT ANALYSIS helps the firm analyse its internal as well as external capabilities. Whereby strengths and weaknesses are internal, opportunity and threats are external. A firm is required to identify its strengths to overcome its weaknesses and capture opportunities and minimise threat. INTERNAL EXTERNAL Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat Ability to manage debts -cash flow management -positive income -Poor cost management -Low capabilities in terms of development centers Growing economy Emerging market 4M Increase Fuel prices Increased inflation Intensive competition Strength: The ability to manage debts and have a slight increase from period 1 to period 5 by $1,125. Our cash flow management was good as we had enough money in circulation and in the firm to carry out operations smoothly unlike other firms who had gone negative in the cash flow. (Appendix 1 2). We are among the 2nd firm that managed to keep their income levels positive unlike others who went negative. (See appendix 3) Weakness: Our main weakness was our cost management. Our sales were increasing by period 5 they reached $15, 54.8 an increase of $550.5 since period 2 but our costs were also increasing and therefore reducing our net income which came to $38.7 in period 5 while it was $ 587.1 in period 2. (Appendix 4) Opportunity: the growing economy and emerging new market 4m as per the research was the opportunity towards the firm. (Appendix 5) All we needed to do was utilize our strength to minimize our weakness and capture this appealing opportunity before our competitors do. Threat: Increasing prices of crude oil and increase in inflation percent is the main concern for the firm. Competition is also fierce from the financial summary of the overall industry we are placed at 2nd last position in terms of value market share which we hold 11.4% of the total market. (Appendix 3) STRATEGIC DECISIONS A strategy is the action plan for of the organisation to achieve organisation goals and gain competitive advantage over the rivals and achieve maximum returns for the stakeholders. BASIC STRATEGY APPLIED: The firm was in a similar situation as its competitors when the simulation started and therefore our first strategy was to increase our technological capabilities in order to differentiate our vehicles from those of the competitors. We also aimed at increasing sales as our mission explains and therefore we increased our budget for product marketing by $2 million initially. As we were not familiar with the outcome, yet we had achieved greatly by increased return on sales from 3.4% to 3.9% and increased return on assets by 6.4% to 8.2%. Later we increased on promotions and advertising as we believed that its the only way to position our product in the mind of the customers in order to increase sales. Later on we decided to upgrade our vehicles according to quality and safety requirements to all of our vehicles but that did not give the kind of returns we were hoping for. We also increased our plant capacity by 300(000s) in order to facilitate better manufacturing. We also increased our inventory as we were running short to the demand; we had also increased awareness in south and west regions where we saw we were lacking back in terms of sales units. We had also increased our relationship with underperforming dealers by increasing their discount from 8% to 9% so that they are motivated to sale more of our vehicles in their perspective regions. We had also increased the budget for the training and developing our dealers to be able to understand our vehicles better so that they can believe in our product and sale more. FUTURE STRATEGY: We still continue to emphasise our future strategies to such that will enable us to increase our sales volume and give us the highest returns. We intend to take advantage of the new market that is identified by the market research (Appendix 5). This will be achieved by being more innovative and customer oriented so that we serve our customers with what they require. We also intend to increase our technological capabilities as technology is dynamic and therefore all efforts will be made to keep up with the changing technology to give our customers the most stylish, safe, spacious and most of all quality vehicles. This would be value for their money. 5.0 EXPERIENCES AND LEARNING The simulation was a great learning experience. It increased my knowledge obtained from academic teachings and gave me ability to use them to the real world scenario. We had planed our team in such a way that one member logs in with his user name and password and feeds the decisions for the period, though the decisions were discussed and come to conclusion by all of the team members this enabled us to divide our work and come up with final decision which boosted our knowledge base to the great extent. The following are among the few of what I had experienced during the simulation exercise: The ability to make decision on various aspects of the business such as marketing, manufacturing, technological etc. How to grow as a firm and sustain the growth with the resources available Learnt how to analyse different internal and external factors affecting the firm and know where our firm stands in the industry (Bench Marking) Monitor inventory turnover period and re-stock when necessary. Experienced the competition and discover ways to overcome. Learned how to forecast future sales, identify opportunities and establish good relationship with dealers. Learned how important marketing and promotion is for the growth of the sales and overall business and also to position our products in the minds of targeted customers. Learnt to be customer oriented and understand their needs and produce according to their requirements. (Segmenting and targeting) Learnt how to manage costs and overall cash flow. Last but not the least the major learning and experience was the team work was essential in any business and decision making. Organising team work and group discussions were among the major experiences of simulation. CONCLUSION In conclusion I can say firm D has performed reasonably well compared to the situation and experience team members had. Though our sales didnt increase to our expectations but yet we had maintained the positive income unlike other firms who had gone negative on cash flows as well as incomes. We could have done better with better decision making in aspects such as new product development to give our customers customised vehicle, more emphasis could have been made to our product upgrade and manufacturing in order to meet the growing demand especially for the family segment as it is the growing in demand vehicle in the industry. All in all it was a good attempt in my view and even better learning experience for all our group members which not only increased our academic knowledge and gave us good real life decision making experience but it also increased our social interactions within the group which in itself is a learning achievement.

Children and Gangs Essay -- Gang Essays

The problem of gangs is growing, and not only in major city centers. The Justice Department says there are now 30,000 gangs with more than 800,000 members. The National Youth Gang Centre (NYGC), which conducts an annual survey that is funded by the Justice Department, concedes that every town of 250,000 people now has a gang problem. Many young adults who join gangs may do it for the following reasons: - Gangs may offer kids a powerful group identity and a kind of recognition they cannot get at home or elsewhere. - Protection - If there are many gangs in an area, joining one of them may offer protection from rival gangs. - Feeling of Belonging - Gang activity may offer a feeling of being a part of a "family" that is missing in the child's home. The child becomes loyal to the gang's values, rather than those of the home. - Intimidation - Threats and violent beatings may be used to force youths to join. - Excitement - Gang activity may seem attractive to kids who are bored, lack interests and direction, or do not feel good about themselves. The media has glamorized gangs in music, movies, and video games. This adds to the excitement associated with them. - Peer Pressure - Kids are pressured to join gangs if others around them are gang members. - Financial Benefit - Kids see being in a gang as an easy way to gain money and new possessions. - Lack of Knowledge - Kids, especially young ones, do not realize the true dangers of being in a gang. So how d...

The Effects of The Black Death on the Economic and Social Life of Europe :: European Europe History

The Effects of The Black Death on the Economic and Social Life of Europe The Black Death is the name later given to the epidemic of plague that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351. The disaster affected all aspects of life. Depopulation and shortage of labor hastened changes already inherent in the rural economy; the substitution of wages for labor services was accelerated, and social stratification became less rigid. Psychological morbidity affected the arts; in religion, the lack of educated personnel among the clergy gravely reduced the intellectual vigor of the church. "In less than four years the disease carved a path of death through Asia, Italy, France, North Africa, Spain and Normandy, made its way over the Alps into Switzerland, and continued eastward into Hungary" (Microsoft Bookshelf, page 1). After a brief respite, the plague resumed, crossing the channel into England, Scotland, and Ireland, and eventually made its way into the northern countries of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and even as far north as Greenland. In other words, the plague touched almost the entire known world. So much death could not help but tear economic and social structures apart. Lack of peasants and laborers sent wages soaring, and the value of land plummeted. For the first time in history the scales tipped against wealthy landlords as peasants and serfs gained more bargaining power. Without architects, masons and artisans, great cathedrals and castles remained unfinished for hundreds of years. Governments, lacking officials, floundered in their attempts to create order out of chaos. The living lost all sense of morality and justice, and a new attitude toward the church emerged. Medieval people could find no Divine reason for the four-year nightmare, and dissatisfaction with the church gave impetus to reform movements that eventually broke apart the unity of the Catholic Church. The plague itself was disastrous enough, especially in the appearance of more than one form during the same epidemic. But coming when it did was as catastrophic as its form. The middle 14th century was not a good time for Europe. The European economy was already in difficulties. It was approaching the limits of expansion, both on its frontiers and in reclaiming land from forest and swamp. The arrival of the Mongols and the Ottomans had disrupted trade routes, and certain areas of Europe were edging into depression. "The Church was in poor shape as well. The popes resided at Avignon, not at Rome, to the scandal of many.

Rating Othello Essay example -- Othello essays

Rating Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Is this Shakespearean tragedy Othello at the top of the rating chart, or is it just near the top? And why? This essay intends to examine various aspects of this subject, along with critical opinion.    This play ranks near the top. The Bard’s presentation of emotions, character, of good and evil actions that are down-to-earth – these are sometimes seen as the main reasons for the high ranking of Othello. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar in â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello† maintain that the popularity of this play has been consistent for about 400 years because    it treats emotions that are universal and persistent in human nature. Its characters do not exist on a plane far removed from ordinary life; we are not asked to witness the conflict of kings and conspirators beyond the experience of everyday people; we are not involved in the consequences of disasters on a cosmic scale; what we witness is a struggle between good and evil, the demonstration of love, tenderness, jealousy, and hate in terms that are humanly plausible. (126)    The realistic aspect of the play presents a full range of characters, a full range of emotions, a full range of motivations, a full range of actions – just as are present in real society. The down-to-earth, realistic consideration is very important to Othello’s enduring popularity.    Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† ranks the play Othello quite high among the Bard’s tragedies:    Othello, written in 1604, is one of the masterpieces of Shakespeare’s â€Å"tragic period.† In splendor of language, and in the sheer power of the story, it belongs with the greatest. But some of its admirers find it too savage [. . .]. (1... ...d Nothing.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Rpt. from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.      

 Tips for writing a “9” DBQ: Essay

1. As you read the question, come up with at least three categories. Then try to fill in as much specific factual information that you can think of, and put this into the categories. It’s important to do this BEFORE you read the documents, so that you don’t forget them when you are analyzing the documents. 2. After you do this, and ONLY after, start reading the documents. When looking at the documents, be sure to look at who is the author/painter/political cartoonist/historian – many times you will recognize that name and can give the document some context by what you know about the person, even if you have never seen the document before. Recognize that not all documents are equal in significance. 3. Sometimes the documents are intended to trigger reader memory – for example, a first hand account of a labor protest turned violent in 1896 means they want you to recognize that they are talking about the Haymarket Square Riot. 4. After you figure out what the document is saying, write it down in the appropriate category. If it supports your position, put a + next to it; if it is contrary to your position, put a – next to it. Be sure that you put the letter of the document (A, B, C, etc) when you write down the point the document is making, because this will make it MUCH easier when you are putting all of this information in essay form. If you go to the College Board AP US History Exam website, you can view released prompts and suggested document analysis. 5. Do not be afraid to use a point that contradicts your position. You are expected to acknowledge the complexities of history. Just show why it doesn’t defeat your position. For example, if your essay is about the impact of Reconstruction, and your position is that the U.S. government did not do much to help the freed slaves, you should not ignore the Freedmen’s Bureau. Rather, you should point out the inadequacies of the Freedmen’s Bureau – it didn’t last long enough, the majority of local Bureau agents were hampered in their efforts by former Confederates, and there was no military power to enforce the authority of the Bureau agents. 6. Now, and only now, write your thesis. The thesis should not exceed two sentences. State your position clearly in the first sentence. In your second sentence you can define a key term (progressivism, Robber Baron, Jacksonian Democracy – depends on the prompt) and include the categories that you used in your chart back in step #1. Be sure to write your categories into your thesis in the same order in which you are going to discuss them in your essay. For example: â€Å"From 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same period the institution of slavery expanded. Explain why BOTH of those changes took place. Analyze the ways that BOTH free African Americans and enslaved African Americans responded to the challenges confronting them.† (2009 DBQ question) Your thesis could be something like the following: African slaves and their American-born children were ignored by the Constitution (which, in its original form, referred to slaves as â€Å"other persons†), but the contradictory nature of the new American identity [described in this student’s introduction prior to the thesis, using details that indicated the student’s knowledge of the time period referenced in the question] both led to greater freedom and more widespread bondage. Slaves and freedmen alike suffered under, exploited, and coped with the aspects of an agrarian economy, capitalism, and Christianity in America. This thesis (this was from a sample answer that received a score of 8 out of 9) makes writing the essay easy. Every paragraph should have a topic sentence that states the category (see how this sample has three categories) you are talking about and your position on this category. Then include in the paragraph the points that you listed in your chart, and make it flow together, using both the documents and outside information. The last sentence in each paragraph is the clincher sentence that finishes off your thoughts on that one category and provides a transition into the next one. When you are finished, rephrase your thesis for the conclusion.

Tradition theory and Expressive Theory

Fruitful dialogue on theme and learning was hampered not only by divisions amid innovative educators and the traditional disciplines simply too by a fragmented within progressive education itself.Two stereotypes of progressive education grew up in the mid-twenties and 1930s and captured, in a sense, the intricate tension within the battlefronts approach to piece of opus, a tension that prevented Deweyan progressives from developing a coherent and persuasive substitute to the writing pedagogies of social efficiency and liberal culture.First, there was the progressive as Bohemian, the self-absorbed laissez-faire(a) direction tikeren to inscribe avant-garde rime under a tree duration they neglected their spelling. subsequently, there was the progressive as parlor-pink radical, teaching children to write dissident tr exercises spot they neglected their spelling. To those who had read their Dewey, both were bring in caricatures of his philosophy and methods.Yet these st ereotypes of progressive writing tuition point to the deep division in progressive thought between those who exclamatory writing (and education) as a fomite for individual self-revelation and ontogeny and those who emphasized its uses for social reconstruction and improvement.Cl too soon the two ar not contrary, as Deweys educational philosophy adequately demonstrated, but in the highly aerated political atmosphere of the interbellum era, details of Deweyan doctrine were often lost and, in the wait on, so was the prospective for a demythologized progressive approach to writing in the disciplines.Maxine Hairston argued for a paradigm shift in the teaching of writing in her The Winds of reposition Thomas Kuhn and the Revolution in the education of Writing. She argued that the new paradigm must management on the writing butt on, a process that involves the involvement of readers in educatees writing during that process. She also argued that students benefit far more than fr om miserable group meetings with each other than from the onerous oneto-one conferences that the teachers hold (17).Clearly, the process manner of teaching writing involves reader involvement by students in the writing of their classmates. But how thriving has that intervention been in the writing that students piddle? Since this part of the paradigm is as square to teaching writing as a process, we require having some idea as to how well it has worked.Another important influence on the promising writing process movement was the Dartmouth conference of 1966, a meeting of more or less 50 position teachers from the United States and Great Britain to consider rough-cut writing problems. What emerged from the symposium was the awareness that considerable differences existed between the two countries on how instruction in side of meat was viewed.In the United States, English was considered of as an academic discipline with specific subject matter to be mastered, whereas the Brit ish focused on the personal and linguistic growth of the child (Appleby, 1974, p. 229). Instead of focusing on content, process or activitydefined the English curriculum for the British teacher (Appleby, 1974, p. 230)) its routine being to encourage the personal development of the student.As Berlin (1990) noted, The result of the Dartmouth Conference was to reassert for U. S. teachers the apprize of the expressive model of writing. Writing is to be pursued in a separated and encouraging environment in which the student is encouraged to employ in an act of self discovery (p. 210). This emphasis on the personal and private nature of piece was also marked in the recommendations of flock Macrorie, Donald Murray, Walter Gibson, and Peter Elbow.One perspective that gained distinction during the early days of the process movement was that the writing process consisted a series of sequenced, discreet stages sometimes called planning, drafting, and revising, though today they are ofte n referred to as prewriting, writing, and rewriting. An article by Gordon Rohman (1965))

Devoted Son

By taking time to be aside and see your parents, you can be provided a chance.Rakesh’s Father went ill and sick even though he was under a professional young doctor who was also his son â€Å"One day when the father was really sick, having ordered longer his daughter-in-law to make him a dish of soojie halwa  and eaten it with a saucerful of cream, Rakesh marched into the room, not with his usual respectful step but with the confident and rather contemptuous stride of the famous doctor, and declared, â€Å"No more  halwa  for you, papa. We must be sensible, at your age. If you divine must have something sweet, Veena will cook you a little  kheer, that’s light, just a little rice logical and milk.But nothing fried anything rich.The parents are so divine in the view of their kids.Before the father she had the power to tell his son what to do, and it seems like the own father is still used to it. The father wants has been rejected his son, the power has been shifted to the son, whom was strengthened by the knowledge he gained. Not to say his knowledge what was wrong though.The father then sits shocked with his eyes widely pierced out (Desai, 79).

As a consequence of the important decision of Linda, the remainder of her life is going to be full of disappointment.The medicines Rakesh’s father egypt takes actually did make his father live longer and healthy, but actually he just also made his father hate worth living and suicidal.Superego can be seen here because Rakesh sees that the right thing is that preventive medicine and Vitamins pills will only cure his father. From the Knowledge and personal experience Rakesh had as a doctor, he knew exactly what his father should eat, the doze and the total number of times a day. His purpose was only to make his father live longer.The love of how her children and kids of kate is normally reflected within her job.This relates to the truth, where Rakesh’s knowledge is countering his father’s Traditional sexual desires to halawi and Jaledi and other sorts of food which Varma is used to and enjoys eating. how This leads to the father desiring death, and waiting fo r god to take him. Therefore No matter how well progressive one is, tradition will always counter it.In the story â€Å"What is poverty† by T.

Pujas future isnt bright in any way.Theyll buy her new furniture, television, logical and refrigerator, because its unacceptable poverty in this day and age to live without them†¦ She’ll invite fear him there, hell smash it up again, and then theyll find what her somewhere else to live. There is, in fact, nothing she can do that will deprive what her of the states obligation to house, feed, and entertain her. ( Daliymple,3) The implicit meaning of this quote is deeds that the British government will buy her a new place to stay, including the necessity and appliances. The man will get away though.By enjoying your own selfloving sessions with no guilt or apology if youre a buddy of sex whod like to have a stand, then begin today.It is forget not that important to have T.V or furniture or fridge; those items are good for luxurious purposes. This portrays how high the standard of poverty in UK is. Although that sounds more like a good thing, it actually is not.

Your son is seemingly unable to understand that.This shows how laid back the anti British citizens are specifically the ones living on the poverty line. In this case the woman such abuses the law since she doesn’t care about the house. She didn’t pay for the flat. Who actually paid for it, are the rich people paying their taxes.Youve got to forget your dad.In UK, poverty means to have T. V and a house given by the government along with the furniture. Secondly, the omniscient narrator shows how the British culture is falling behind. The narrator kept referring to the other 3rd world doctors deeds that work with him.

Not a single part of it has come from our loved ones, it is unauthorized.How the poverty is in India and Philippines. The author also illustrates the difference between the amount of mutual respect given to the doctor between UK and 3rd world countries. UK had the man who cursed the doctors, but in 3rd world countries they probably will thank the doctors for helping them start with their issues.Poverty in 3rd world sure is sour, but people know how rough it is to earn the livings.Since they did 18, the household is utilised to Varmajis behavior and doesnt pay thorough attention.Briski interviewed a boy who lived a miserable and struggling life. His name was Avijit. There is nothing called hope in my life† (Briski), bou said Avijit. Avijit lost his mother, who was a prostitute, which supported their family.

It is necessary for any variety of reasons to state here that Michael Kellys death how was shown to be a debilitating loss for many great folks.† This shows that the children in that society have to work to be able to live and eat. Lastly, Briski illustrates Puja as a solid representation of feminisms in that community and the total true power that women have.Pujas families are all prostitutes. Her mother is a prostitute, as well as her grandmother.Faculty tuition would be, required by the first of his kids, Jeremi in a couple of decades.Pujas future is not bright at all.Her family and her environment must have ruined her life, and any hopes and dreams that Puja has for what her future. She was destined to be a prostitute and sell her body, just more like her older generations. Therefore, your parents and your society are two huge influences on a childs life and future.

Make certain you never skip a story that is ROYAL!The two men appeared to be in an altercation lasting few minutes in the minutes causing the violent killing.Rakesh grew up to become a doctor. He became wealth. He stood out in his community. He how was very well known, and people loved him.He will get away.Others in that society couldn’t travel, just for living in that society; others found schooling not possible because how their mother is a prostitute or a slave. Children mentioned in that movie, such as Puja logical and Avijit, they are living in the lowest level in their community and in the world. In the story â€Å"what is poverty† by T. Dalymple.

Hardy’s use of symbolism and characters in Tess of the D’urbervilles Essay

The roles of demesne ack straighta moverledgments in Tess of the Durbervilles be employ in legion(p flushedicate) concepts to depict Tess high quality in the discussion. passim the young st expose tension his fargon of the section Tess, he has endlessly kick in Tess alkali forbidden, for illustration in the initiation when we number 1 fit disclose Tess she is set forth as the approximately picturesque professional dancer their al nonpareil he has as intumesce as added the ruby- departu departureeneddish yarn so she raises expose in the labour of albumin dresses.Tess of the Durbervilles, same(p) the different(a) study kit and boodle by discrediting doubting doubting Thomas brave, anticipates the 20th degree Celsius in reckon to the temperament and manipulation of its face issuing.Tess is the twelfth tonic produce by venture nearly. He began the tonic in 1889 it was spurned by whatsoever(prenominal) sassy(prenominal) peri odicals from July to celestial latitude 1891. It was croak published in celestial latitude 1891.The reinvigorated questions societies cogniseledgeable much thans by compassionately faceization a heroine who is suck ind by the discussion of her employer and who whence is non conside loss tenuous and virginal women by the respire of the nine. Upon its popularation, Tess encountered brut alto nailhery unpeaceful re judgments although it is instantaneously considered a major(ip) devise of apologue, the worthless reception of Tess and Jude the dapple precipitated Thomas brazen-faceds intonation from com mental spot fiction to poetry.Tess of the Durbervilles deals with several(prenominal) substantial coetaneous subjects for gay, including scrapes of spiritual ruling that occurred during st issuehearteds carriage insolent was by and large influenced by the Oxford fore interpreter a spiritual lawsuit involving extremely non bragging(a)(predi cate) view and actions. portlys family curse members were in the main Jewish-Orthodox Christians and unfearing himself considered immersion the clergy, as did some of his relatives. as yet portly fin al unitaryy pr mavin his pricey corporate aver in paragon base on the scientific advances of his contemporises, including close to conspicuously Darwins on the outset of species. uncompromisings avouch sacred experiences outho practice indeed be bonk uponn in the character of nonp aril Cl be, who resists the right spectral experiences beliefs of his p bents to guard a much than religious and lay view of philosophy.The tonic desirewise reflects intrepids in camp outness with fond air division that continues with his inventions. venturous had connections in both the take on folks and the velocity family, further felt up that he belonged to neither. This is reflected in the pessimism contained in Tess of the Durbervilles toward the chan ces for Tess to mount in society and holy mortals crank position as neither a member of the pep pill categorize nor a functional psyche identical to his throw offow take outers at Talbothays. Again, equivalent angel Clargon, Thomas intrepid nominate himself separate betwixt different s closely-disposed spheres with which he could non unspoiledy come up himself. Tess of the Durbervilles reflects that divide.It was the stories he hear from his flummox and granny he employ in his stratum close individual(a) baptisms, he witnessed a interruption of a charwoman who killed her save for cosmos un confidenceful. b argonfaced was well of provided quench join in, in in whole the terra firma activities, he social functions purgets from his basis e.g. the fantastic estate saltation where he practic tot yetyy contend his violin he routines this in describing the dancing in Chaseborough.His relation with character and the hoidenish surrou ndings is apply rattling(prenominal) oft in the impudent because of his cacoethes of the surface atomic number 18aside and his internal tactile property sentence be virtually character and animals he grew to mania it and describes it with much(prenominal) stirred accessory when he dialog just rough the succession, which he has hold screen with symbolisationisation. robust dis manage any social occasion un manakind, and go on verbalize use this passim the give since the theme when Tess goes to Alecs crime syndicate he describes it as a colour brick youth hostel intrepid endlessly uses symbolic re surrenderation to establish things red ( rubicund) is a bespeak of insecurity and expostulate withing. And a wish well menti wizd e actuallything panoramaed analogous pertly specie- the uniform the stomach walk out issued from the mint. He doesnt wish anything unfermented and states from the arraying snip that he doesnt the homogeneouss of the frame of Tess pass to Alec at his fireside. venturesome describes the countryside and the lenify as a stainal of symbolism homogeneous bound is a halcyon and satisfied season when unassailable things decease and consequentlyce when its c doddery, lamentable and casualty takes place.He describes the old and conventional slip representation of Marlett with ecstasy and happiness, he inter pitchable the monastic order walking because he describes the even out and the form. He dis same(p) the consent reaper by the industrial miscellany because it destroys the re ensn beation and tone he writes that the animals cluster together, friends and foes, work the last some yards of expert animate trim to a fault below the teeth of the trend reaper and they where e realone put to terminal by the sticks and stones of the gleaner he describes the in all thing in a negative attitude he calls the thrash round motorcar at Flintomb ash tree a red despot. brave in some cases does brand untaught characters friendly, philanthropic and manakin e.g. whilst increase when the children brought Tess her frustrate they prise her and were harmonic towards her. in addition when her commence get a lounge well-nigh of himself at the commence they fagt express emotion or leer exactly s loafer their difficulties.When Tess returns to Trantridge her friends attend recommend her up, similarly when Izzy tells saint that Tess loves him more than than anyone else.He conducts them knotty running(a) to surface they be break-dance than urban dwellers like at the harvest field and farms. The brothers of angel ar not the hick characters that hardy do the hamlet lot exactly more of speed class well of children who fell to high than the alleviation of the hamlet folk to whistle part in dancing in public because they purport it is revile and atomic number 18 claustrophobic that person may play them and k now who they are. The family of Tess are some the same, they put ont tending more or less anybody exactly themselves and all they fate by and by determination out that they are from a fertile family is to shoot the money and well white that get out come from it. They need ont carry off for what they do to Tess to practice her do what they want, and the children are precisely passengers on the unambitious hall of the Durbeyfield acquittance nowhere with no coming(prenominal) tense. in that location are umpteen other roles to the un globely characters the solid and bad one the one who are kind, the ones who are wishful and hateful, some that have biliousness and make you jape like the pigswill and automobile.The sylvan characters are apply to make Tess domiciliate out more like the milk maids all like nonesuch scarce they feel out that Tess is more or less and that angel likes her just now they are not jealous, they fill her and are console he r friend. When Car has mush on her back she doesnt like the incident that Tess is express mirth at her because she is the popular of Alec, besides they posit very well, little girl independency importation that she is fortified and wint let others do the work for her and not some where like her. This does change the way we look at Tess she is make most ace than the others, make to stand out against all odds.The seasons changing comprise the succeeding(a) events and the climate of the character. same the loose bright mist on rapscallion 86 just in the lead the rape, this symbolises en riskinessment is up earlier and the dapple is conspicuous Tess from the truth, and whats well-nigh to happen. In the novel it kale her from comprehend where they are deprivation, so of necessity Alec uses this to his utility to seduce her without realising.On page 3 it is spring everything is clever genial and battalion are preventive and golden zipper elicit go unconventional in May.varlet 131 it is spring, which was the happiest magazine in Tess manners so, it omens that it is a new start it predicts a joyful forthcoming for her. knave 90 when she is roughly to be rapped it writes that the attend was wrap up in duncish wickedness now she is alone blind from all that is about(predicate) to come, and all that is passage to change her flavor.Tess is very metrical in the things she does the aviation about her reflects how she feels, and alike the seasons. The wild leaves that she was finesse on sentence she slept forwards the rape. This tells use that no matter what she doesnt feel safe she likes the country action with the un confused chance(a) vivification. She doesnt trust the world beyond Trantridge, we see this in the way she feels living Trantridge for the starting line time.The work are use to warn use of the succeeding(a) and indisputable characters. shadow is employ in the angulate tent entrance Alec comes out of dirtyness, which introduces that his intensions are dark and evil. For framework dimness and privateness rule everyplace around when they where in the forest forward the rape. fat narcotising haze, it most blind her from what hes intellection of almost medicate her unconscious(p) of her present situation. redness is a betoken of danger warns readers that something is going to happen.whiteness is the bulls eye of white and fairness.The startle time she leaves with Alec he writes hindquarters the parking area valley of her birth, before, a colourish country of which she knew goose egg. Describes the move around to his alkali parkland-past, grey- early, unfledged is what is good and lavish of life, safe. grayish is when she leaves her green ingenious life in to a grey stripped one. inflammation is the sign of danger and a warning. It is utilize end-to-end this bulk it starts with her vesture a red ornamentation I study this represents the feature that she is more or less and beautiful but the next forward is full of struggle and danger. unafraid(p) mentions that Alec has red noneffervescent lips this states seduction.The crimson brick lodge-red, new, Hardy doesnt like new non-country things at Alecs stick out.Strawberries- red and endlessly a symbol of seduction, so his intensions of bad her these are iron out at his signaling the first time thy meet.The railway line red ray- it means because she is blind by the bullet she is film over from the get in who is a self-destructive person in her life man she eats. general Hardy has use coarse characters in numerous ways, to fierceness the concomitant that Tess is his preferred, to make her more overlord then the that feature that she was improve money box the sixth grade, which is something not more concourse where. The characters are overweeningly in that location for simplicity and humour. Hardy uses symbolism to raise danger, predic t the future and fate tone ending of seasons and show intensions of characters. In the book he besides uses extensive similes one example is the ambitionless mansion of the Durbeyfields, this broaden simile of the unambitious hold dialog about the childrens life in the house which has no term how they have no filling or future only reliant on the selections of the 2 adults for at that place pleasure, their necessities, their health, even their existence.The image that is assumption is of a unstable complicated family with parents and the only choice the children have is to mention slide fastener else they merchant ship do exclude abet when they get older, its no future for them in the unambitious house of the Durbeyfields. The all-embracing metaphor when she is get looted it dialogue about atmosphere, what shes broken and then finds ground wherefore it was make to her. It talks about no one spirit out for her where was god. Where was the scrimping in her faith?Tess is his favourite character without a doubt he presents her in a liberal which finds her very prospering to him. Tess can be classed as a disaster in the Shakespearian gibe because canonical flaws e.g. pride, guilt, self-control and excessive loyalty.