Alfredo Jaar

The findings in this paper are based on an art publication article â€Å"Images of inclusion – installation art by Alfredo Jaar† which is written by Richard Vine. Alfredo Jaar is one of the uncompromising artists today. He is a film maker, artists and architect.He was born in Santiago, Chile in 1956 but he is currently working and living in New York. Alfredo was trained in film, photography, installations and community based projects. He is able to present events such as political corruption, military conflicts and imbalances of power in developing and industrialized nations in for of art. In his work it includes incidences of toxic pollution in Nigeria, genocide in Rwanda, boarder conflicts of United States and Mexico and Gold mining inBrazil. His work Awards and ExhibitionsAlfredo Jaar is an award winner of many art awards which includes John Simon Guggenheim Memorial foundation in 1985, MacArthur Foundation Award in 2000, in 1987 he worn two awards fellowships from n ational endowment for the Art and Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Award.His work has been shown all over the world he has attended numerous exhibitions and the most renown once are in 1992 he attended to three exhibitions in new museum of contemporary art in New York, whitechapel in London and Museum of contemporary art at Chicago.   Alfredo Jaar Art is able to address highly controversial issues and be able to convey moral convictions without violating the honesty of the concept.He does it without misrepresenting the facts or the motive of the case. In most of the art which he has worked on his anger and sympathy is evident on how it is manifested. He ensures that he resist on any propaganda even in the most partisan pieces. In Jaar exhibition has a sense of beauty and professionalism his arts are attractive and has fur reaching effects on human relations especially on political and the differences of the developing and developed country.He has worked on highly politicized topic s which mostly addressed the issues of politics which are done without principles which mostly bring division and bad governance. All over the world cases of politics without principals attracts a lot interest in the public and other nations. So his advancement to present such an event in form of art people is able to relate to it.He also addresses issues of those who gain wealth without toiling and those who practice commercial activities without moral responsibility such as the pyramid schemes. His art also addresses those who gain knowledge without virtues and those who advance to scientific ventures with less considerations well its negative effects to humanity. The most prominent once are arts in commemorations of American civil movement of the early 1960’s; illegal Mexican immigrants into United States and none mechanized gold mining in Brazil.

Internship Report on Zong Pakistan Essay

Groups individuals according to the occasions when they purchase, use or think of buying a product. 2. Benefits Sought : Groups individuals according to the benefits they seek from the product. 3. Usage Rate : Groups individuals according to the level of usage they make of the product, be it Heavy, Medium or Light usage. 4. User Status : Groups individuals according to whether they are non-users, potential users, first-time users, regular users, or ex-users of a product Loyalty Status : Groups individuals according to their level of loyalty to the product. ‘Hard core loyals’ always purchase the product / brand in question. Whilst ‘Soft core loyals’ will sometimes purchase another brand, and ‘Switchers’ will not specifically seek out a particular brand, but rather purchase the brand available to them at time of need, or that which was on sale. 6. Buyer Readiness Stage : Groups individuals according to their readiness to purchase the product. This segmentation model is particularly useful in formulating and monitoring the marketing communication strategies employed to move consumers towards purchase of a product or brand. Role of Segmentation: Segmentation is the first step towards customer understanding, which allows organisations to build healthy relationships with their customers. â€Å"Money is made by keeping customers, and the whole idea of segmenting customers in order to build customer relationships is to turn it into a mutually satisfying relationship,† says Ovum analyst (David Bradshaw, 2000).

Contemporary Religious Issues in Christianity Essay

Over time in various religions, there has been conflict. If not within one particular religion then there would be conflicting with each other. Christianity is a religion that most certainly has this issue. With many struggles in religion that people are face with today that would assists in the division of our human population, some religions still share some of the same beliefs. Though all religions are vastly different, the overall belief is geared to praise and worship God. Two religions that will be discussed in this paper that conflict with Christianity are Judaism and Islam. In Judaism, besides cultural division within, most of their conflict is with modern society. In Islam, the Muslim community has a great political outlook that has been coupled with their religious beliefs and stereotyping has been more recently a trigger for conflict. In this paper we will discuss the contemporary issues within Christianity. We will review the historical connections and theological similarities with other religions such as Judaism and Islam. We will also take a look at Christian denominations and how they interact with Buddhism. Contemporary Issues within Christianity Christians have struggles between their own religion, and with other religions beliefs. Christian’s belief in One God, God of Love. We can find a message in the passages of the Bible; in Genesis, a foundation about God’s creation. The concepts: stewardship and creativity, God blessed them; and God gave them this message, â€Å"Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth. Bible) 2012 â€Å". The Love of God gets lost in our daily living style because the temptation, we sin and man abused God’s stewardship, and we don’t follow what God is teaching us to do. Christianity and other religions in this new way of living, we all are challenge to face an inevitable change. Social and new technology is responsible for new changes. We ask ourselves, what about religion in the future. Influences, crisis, economy are slowly changing the conservative religion to their surrounding of cultures. This changes are giving new choices to each one of us, and some choices are giving us ethical and cultural choices that force us to examine ourselves in our most basic philosophical believes. Christians and other religions are facing some areas that may raise ethical and religion beliefs. How Christian must respond to such conditions? How can we live with this society and culture that surrounds us? â€Å"Christ of Culture† perspective is exactly the opposite of â€Å"Christ against Culture† This way of living brings culture and Christianity together. God is giving us life – Why humans want to decide to take away our own lives or others. Where is our belief and trust, or mainly where is our Faith in God. Why we want to take control. If God give us life; we must belief and have trust that he has a plan in our lives. Ethical termination of adult life. Do individuals have the right to end their own lives or the lives or their loved ones? Even with major circumstances, do we get the control; where is our faith and believe that God does the impossible. Christianity questions about today is questioning about euthanasia. Passive or Active). Passive allowing the person to die by discontinuing their treatments and active is taking some positive step to terminate the person life by toxic substance or the injection of an air bubble into the blood stream. Euthanasia is the act of putting the death of a person which their illness in not curable but is violating the six commandment† Thou shalt not kill (Murder). Such consent does not relieve the killer of guilt for the sin of murder. Euthanasia is an instance of murder, which is a categorically forbidden in scripture.  Exodus 20:13 (Bakers, 1973), pp. 222 F. This society is giving us the opportunity to take control in our own hands; new technology is changing tremendously our beliefs and if we don’t wake up. This society will be out of control. Historical Connections and Theological Similarities with Other Religions The main historical connection between Judaism and Christianity is the fact that Christianity is a product of Judaism. This happened around the first century C. E. when Christianity was spreading rapidly throughout Europe. Besides Christianity forming out of Judaism, it has a connection through Jesus Christ, as we all know Jesus was a Jew. In fact for most of his life Jesus practice the Judaist faith and even celebrated Jewish holidays. Some of these holidays even became the basis for some of Christianity’s holidays, such as Easter which is based on the Jewish holiday â€Å"Passover†. Despite the fact that Christianity was a result of Judaism, Christians tended to have more freedom than Jews, while the latter was often persecuted for practicing their religion. Christianity has a connection to Israel that is almost as strong as Judaism. Nazareth which is based in Israel is considered the birthplace of Jesus, as well the birthplace of the Jewish Christian Church, however after the destruction of the church’s temple in 70C. E it seems that the church gradually faded into existence. While there may be some differences in how each religion worships and celebrates their religions. They both emphasize people being kind towards one another, believing in one God, and just being an overall good human being. The Christian and Islamic faith do share some of the same beliefs though their religions are vastly different. They both believe that there is one God and that God created the planet and mankind. They to both agree that God is the way of morality and the way or path of justice. It is also believed between the two religions that overall judgment of life is decided after life by heaven or hell. The fundamentalists Muslims and Christians also believe in pollutants such as porn and licentious helps destroy a community or society. There is a huge negative emotion in the western civilization in Islamic countries which explains the reasons of influences that evolve from out west. Of course there are obvious differences between both Christianity and Islam that will forever be unsettled. In these religions, pivotal doctrines are the points in which Christianity and Islam disagree. The overall tone of both beliefs are peaceful, caring, and loving human beings. The Muslim religion has points of emphasis on being peaceful, for instance; In Islam, the Muslims look to Sura 22:56 who say when speaking of religion there’s no compulsion. Though many in the world of Islam would believe that no compulsion means inside their religious world there is no competition amongst religion. Sura 29:46 says do not have a quarrel with outside religions but only if there is wrong doing. However, Sura 41:34 say to be make nice with the person doing wrong by doing good things for that person. Almost similar is the bible which has its parts of conflict with violence mostly from the Old Testament. It contests that a Canaanite society is infested with evil doings especially child sacrifice. God sent Israelites to enforce against the particular injustice and further on did the same against the Israelites. Situations like this within the scriptures of the bible are specifically minimal in circumstances during this time all implemented by God. But as the Quran would suggest, their religion puts this type of command in any time, place, and against any people or religion. Christian Denominations In religion, there is a power struggle to keep itself together. The ten commandments were clear on this issue. â€Å" Thou shall not worship false idols†, (â€Å"Ten Commandments†, 2002-2011). But there are seven billion people on this planet. Chances are that at least one of those seven billion people would want to worship another idol. From this idea, they would separate from their original church and form their own church. Worshiping whomever they found fit to be the one who deserved to be worshiped. As a matter of fact, this has happened many times in the history of Christianity and Judaism. Why are there so many Christian denominations? Well first we would have to differentiate between the non-Christian cults, and the false religions. Christian denominations are Lutherans, as well as Presbyterians. Then there are Jehovah’s witnesses and the Mormon religion, are examples of such cults. But islam and buddism are separate religions all together. Trials such as the protestant reformation gave rise within the Christian church to denominations. A movement to reform the roman catholic church that took place during the 16th century. Out of this event, four major division of traditional Protestantism emerged. These four were Lutheran, reformed, Anglican, and Anabaptist. But many more denominations would grow over the coming centuries. The denomination Lutheran was named after Martin Luther. This is based off of his teachings. Methodist was named from its founder, John Wesley. John Wesley was famous for coming up with methods for spiritual growth. Presbyterianism is named from their view on the churches leadership, and finally, Baptists. They got the name from the importants of the baptism ceremony. But not all the other denominations believe in baptism. So each one has a slightly different doctrine. Another is the availability of the lords supper to all. Or at least those who’s testimonies could be verified by the church leaders. Looking at why they have divisions, it seems clear that its not about Christ as the lord and savior. But it seems rather the differences of opinion by godly, flawed evidence, people seeking god. Seeking to retain doctrinal purity of what is their understanding of his word. Looking at today, denominations are many and vary wildly. The denominations have spawned numerous styles such as Nazarenes, Christian and Missionary Alliance, Evangelical Free, Assemblies of God, ect. Some styles of denomination, emphasizes very little doctrinal differences. But more often, they simply offer different styles of worship. Fitting the differences of Christians. This is the cause for so many forms of Christianity. Conclusion In this paper we have gone over the contemporary issues within Christianity. We have reviewed the historical connections and theological similarities with other religions such as Judaism and Islam. We have also taken a look at Christian denominations and how they interact with Buddhism. In our research we have found that Christianity and other religions in this new way of living, we all are challenge to face an inevitable change. Social and new technology is responsible for new changes. In these religions, pivotal doctrines are the points in which Christianity and Islam disagree. Christianity has a connection to Israel that is almost as strong as Judaism. Some styles of denomination, emphasizes very little doctrinal differences. But more often, they simply offer different styles of worship.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Case Study Example hough in relation to our corporate ethics, I believe in following the chain of command and have to report to my immediate supervisor, which in this case is you. There is no need for urgency in rushing through this contract, and selling a sub-standard product to a client. I was of the opinion that if final touches was done on this wonderful product, it would give us better business, and more clients would be willing to get into contract with us. Another reason for my hesitation is the client we are getting into an agreement with. Eastern Wisconsin University is a regional university. Yet for such a product, that causes so much excitement to our engineers, and of course, the impact it would have on the market, a major institution would not shy from it in whatsoever manner. From the data, I gathered that testing was actually done in the lab under approximated temperatures. The tests talk about temperatures below 10 degrees Fahrenheit of freezing point or slightly below zero, but nothing under 10 degrees below zero is mentioned. In our country, temperatures fall up to 50 degrees below freezing point, although rare, such information would have been helpful in proving the credibility of our product. Being a writer, engineering features and workability of â€Å"Hot Spot† could have been explained to me to shed some more light into what it is all about, to have a vivid picture as I write. The only understanding I have on the product is that it consist of premade plate fitted underneath with low wattage circuitry that run and mate with existing sidewalk. It would be fair enough for us to disclose a few features of regarding our product and its workability to the client. After my lunch break, I received two memos that clarify the status of â€Å"Hot Blocks.† A memo from Mr. Robert to Bob states that after testing â€Å"Hot Blocks† under temperatures between 32 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit, it gave perfect results of the function of melting snow both in rapid runoff and of

Film Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film - Assignment Example The movie is all about the spiritual and social conflicts of two families with regards to an interracial wedding. As part of the engagement, a common dinner comprising the family members of both Joanna and John (protagonists) takes place at Joanna’s home. The dinner eventually turns to stage an emotional drama as the parents express their opinions about the controversial issue around the marriage. In the progress of the plot, there is vivid demonstration of ethical and social implications of the issue of the protagonist being a colored man. The social perspective of the marriage would suggest that a nuptial relationship with the member of a discriminated race would bring shame to the white community. However, Matt Drayton’s dialogue after the evaluation of ethical challenges and with his preference for spiritual tranquility to esteem, he gives his consent and blesses his daughter and John, â€Å"The only thing that matters is what they feel and how much they feel, for each other. And if it’s half of what we felt-that’s everything† (Kramer, â€Å"Guess Who’s Coming†) shows a counter balancing effect of an existing perception of the society about the apparent intolerance of the whites about interracial marriages. The dinner makes a point by setting a place to analyze the competency of the suitor in the presence of senior members of John’s family and a priest as guests at Joanna’s home. Of course, the film makes a series of rhetorical questions to the educated American society about its position with regards to racism. The theme of the movie exhibits the splints of emotional moments as metaphorical expressions of feelings against racism. Johns says, â€Å"Dad, but you think of yourself as a colored man. I think of myself as a man.† (Kramer, â€Å"Guess Who’s Coming†). His decision to marry Joanna only with her parents’ consent is also an insignia of a black man’s unchallenged dignity as a

The internationalizing staffing strategies of the BMW group Essay

The internationalizing staffing strategies of the BMW group - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that organizations adapt their human resource management practices for successful strategies execution to survive and grow in the international markets. International human resource field has been a focus of all business organizations, and its significance will grow in the subsequent years. International organizations use three strategies types for transfer of practices of human resource across different countries. The first strategy is the ethnocentric strategy, which uses similar practices of human resources of the parent company in its host nations. Secondly, they use a polycentric strategy that employs local people as labor force and adapts the human resource practices of the host nation. The third one is a geocentric strategy, which only focuses on talents of the employee and adopts human resource practices, which are operational and resourceful irrespective of the nationality. All strategies have their weaknesses and strengths that ar e applied as per the business type, the strategy of the organization, the leadership, and the experiences of the organization regarding diverse strategies. The international groups can use traditionally sensitive and adaptive practices of human resource management for generating a modest advantage in foreign tasks. In an effort to discover novel markets and prospects, international corporations are adapting to practices of human resource management across diverse borders.

The Impact of the Domestic Regulatory Environment on Competition and Case Study

The Impact of the Domestic Regulatory Environment on Competition and Corporate Strategy Development - Case Study Example Now a days, after the globalization and liberalization policies, the competition is not only from companies located with in a nation but also from firms established globally. All these factors that affect the competition and firm’s strategic management plans would be further influenced by domestic regulatory environment. The domestic regulatory environment includes the government policies that aim at social and economic justice, tariff structure in different services and technical regulations that aim at enhancing the growth rate. The influence of external environment and government polices on the corporate strategic options was well established (Venkatraman and Prescott, 1990). Though it was proved that the role of management positively influences the company’s performance, still the constraints caused by the domestic environment may result in negative growth rate (Thomas et al., 1991). This may happen at higher intensity when the domestic regulatory environment discou rages the products of the company by putting environmental safety norms. The government policies may also aim at bringing welfare state of the society for which the companies may be asked to follow the steps fulfilling the social obligations which in turn negatively influence the firm’s performance (Bryer, 1982). ... Similarly, the companies which are involved in fruit juice making may get huge benefit if the government policy encourages the export environment by giving tax concessions. At the same time, the companies that are involved in electronic goods may incur losses if the domestic environment encourages the imports from other nations at a cheaper price. Hence, the private or corporate business firms must have dynamic strategic management development options which provide higher adaptation compared to its competitors in the market (Teece et al., 1997). The element of diversification gives remarkable edge to the corporate houses in making flexible adjustments in response to any domestic regulatory environment. The advantage of mixing several products that suit the customer needs in terms of competitive edge and firms performance was well established (Simmonds, 1990). Those firms which concentrated only on one product have higher risk due to change in domestic regulatory environment. These fi rms may respond well to the technical regulations laid down by the government from time to time, but they fail in their competitive ability and adjusting to the new tariff structure in the market and to the regulations related to social and economic justice in the society. The companies which have strong and dynamic strategic development / management team strive well in the market as they predict the new changes in domestic regulatory environment and hence they respond faster to the changes with highest competitive ability. The corporate houses must respond to the domestic regulations as early as possible to reduce the losses and to capitalize the new situation

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example On the other hand processes take the form of a repeatable string of activities, meaning they can occur severally, either simultaneously or against one another. In the management of these two entities, they both function for the common good of the projects, but while the aims of managing projects are achieving the end result, process management focus on increasing efficiency and quality, which is difficult to achieve for the former. Repetitive character of processes gives value to the projects. 2. Project Risks Any project risk is associated with uncertainty and probability of losses that can cause it to fail. There are many risks and can further be divided , based on the risk classification and the type of the project. Cost Risk The risk is associated with the financial resource, which is a vital constraint in any project. Many things can cause cost risks, and though they can be related to the general project, the control of this factor is handled by the management of the project, wh o either underestimate, or overlook the cost associated with the activities in the project. ... When the scheduled plans are not met, more time is definitely required, especially if the activity cannot be run concurrently with others. The risk is caused by poor planning and estimation of resources, and adjustment processes that could end up in shortfalls of resources. It risks failing the project, when the end products is delayed from meeting its objective or market opportunity in the late deliveries. External risks: The risk can occur anywhere and anytime to disrupt the operation of the project, which the management, just as the human resource and other stakeholders have no control of. These factors range from market, economic, legal, political, natural disaster, and social issues that could affect a project (Murch 93). In many cases, projects have had to be stopped due to political instabilities in a country or location, because the project has no guaranteed security. Sometimes, the implemented parts of the projects are destroyed in skirmishes causing additional costs in time and finances allocated to repair and move on. Scope risk: The scope of a project deals with the requirements, deliverables and goals of a project; hence the performance and quality of the project can be influenced by the presence of the risk. Any problem generated in the formation and documentation of these factors can be inherited in the future of the project, because the scope would be used as a baseline for referencing and reaching decisions. It can be associated with unsuitable thought of the scope, poor documentation and lack of unison among the stakeholders over the scope, which affects the technical effort put into place to provide the required level of

The Alder Grove Regional Park Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Alder Grove Regional Park - Essay Example The object of analysis for the purpose of this assignment is the Alder Grove Regional Park (ARP) that is located in the middle of Fraser Valley straddling the municipal boundary of the City of Abbotsford and Township Langley. A range of recreational opportunities are provided by the park and the main one is, the opportunity of hosting overnight events. The ARP preserves significant cultural resources, supports conservation and research projects for endangered and threatened species and provides a wetland habitat along the Pepin Brook corridor. In 2012, ARP hosted 342,000 visitors and the main attraction was the 11.8km of trails which are common for jogging, walking, equestrian and cycling use. Alder Grove Park consists of 280 hectares of secondary growth forests, meadows, wetlands, and fields. The current program and facilities of ARP have evolved over time. This evolvement is in response to the demand of the public for basic access, influences like community initiatives, pre-existin g amenities, and gravel extraction. A management process was initiated in 2011 to clarify the program of the park, its services, conservation and priorities for development for a period of 20years. The rural setting, with a surrounding landscape dominated by active farming interspersed with recreational, industrial and residential land uses characterize Alder Grove Regional Park. Mushroom barns, livestock operations, annual crops, berry crops, pasture, and vineyard are dominant on the landscape. Industries situated in the vicinity of the park include; soil medium operations, waste transfer site, the former landfill, and gravel extraction operations. The rich agricultural landscape located in the watersheds of Pepin, Fish Trap, and Bertrand Creek give way to suburban and urban areas of the City of Abbotsford and Township of Langley.

AIDS In The Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AIDS In The Workplace - Essay Example For the past two centuries, countless citizens in these United States, from every race, background and persuasion, have reposed their faith on these words to secure for them the basic rights they are entitled to. Even while this statement calls the truth of men’s equality â€Å"self-evident,† succeeding generations of racial minorities and economic classes have had to struggle to lay claim this right. The significance and interpretation of the very phrase â€Å"all men are created equal† has repeatedly been called into question – apparently, it was not as â€Å"self-evident† as the founding Fathers had initially envisioned it to be. For instance, more than one and a half centuries after the Declaration of Independence, people of color were taken to be less than and even property of the white man, and new immigrants were regarded with disdain compared to native-born Americans, although the privileged native-born Americans were understood not to include native indigeneous Americans. This is not to mention the stereotypes attached to the male and female genders, the religious faithful, and levels of education – particularly those reared in private or iv y-league schools as against the public schools. But these were the first two centuries of American nationhood. In the twenty-first century, it seems such issues have been repeatedly put to the test by judicial pronouncements and legal statutes. There is a special case, however, wherein discrimination is still a stinging issue. These are in the matter of persons with physical disabilities in the workplace. Those with genetic and natural disabilities already contend with the prejudice that they could not perform as well as able-bodied individuals, which, to be frank, may be true in some occupations. The chicken-and-egg dilemma of disabilities in the workplace is that if disabled people are considered equal, it means they should enjoy no special favors, else it is the able-bodied who are discriminated

Cultural Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural Context - Essay Example Nevertheless, both suicides have some semblance. Both Ben and Edna are driven majorly by acts of selfishness. It could be argued that Edna is driven to kill herself because she discovers that no one else dares to join in her overt defiance towards the day’s cultural expectations on women. Robert, for instance is able to restrain himself despite his profound love for her, while she openly mocks him over his apprehensions on adultery (Chopin, 2011). Edna feels too superior to acquiesce to societal norms or what is real. On the other hand, though it could be argued that Ben’s suicide has got little to do with society’s expectations on him, his selfishness and superiority complex is as evident in his quest as much as Edna’s. Ben never personally selected his victims yet he assigns himself the role of selecting those whom he thinks deserves to benefit from his suicide. Inasmuch as we may opt to champion for certain causes in the world, we must also acknowledg e our limitations. It is our duty to seek to involve others in our quests so that the merits and demerits of our intentions may be laid out and clarity sought.

Animal Species Essay Example for Free

Animal Species Essay 1. On the diagram below, what percentage of energy (from the choices in blue on the left) is transferred from a producer to a: (A) secondary consumer, (B) tertiary consumer, (C) quaternary consumer? The producer takes 100% from the sun then gives 10% to the primary consumer then 1% to the secondary consumer then .1% to the tertiary consumer and then .01% to the quaternary consumer. 2. Look at the quote from Rachel Carson on the first page. What do you think the quote means? Use some of the terms we have covered regarding the topic of food webs in your one to two paragraph explanation. All the life of the planet is inter-related  each species has its own ties to others, and  all are related to the earth. I think she’s referring to the consumption between the animals going all around the world and going to the past life, similar to earth because all the animals eventually die and are tied together on earth. The food chain connects everyone and everything together in some way which is key to life on earth. 3. Why is it beneficial that many predatory fish have larval and juvenile stages that feed at a low trophic level, while the adults feed at a tertiary or quaternary trophic level? It’s beneficial because then they’re not competing for the same food. If the juvenile are eating something different it will help them actually make it to adulthood. Also juvenile fish don’t have the same energy as the adults so they eat in the low trophic level because it’s an easier and safer feed. 4. Not all adults feed at a high trophic level. Whale sharks (50 ft) are the largest fish and feed on plankton and small fish, while Great White sharks (20 ft) are the largest carnivorous fish and feed on sea lions, seals and large fish. Blue whales (100 ft) are the largest whale and feed primarily on plankton and krill, while the Sperm whale (45 ft) is the largest carnivorous whale feeding on fish and very large squid. (a) How does the location of each animals position in relation to the producers contribute to their size? Be sure to look at the food chain and the amount of energy that is being transferred between the levels. –I think the location of an animal correlates with ones size because if you think of a wale compared to costal fish you know they can’t eat the same things considering a wale being right offshore is highly unlikely. Plus the larger animals (like a whale) won’t have as much energy  as a smaller animal to catch its food so they would eat in the low trophic level because it’s easier to get, and takes less energy. (b) Why do you suppose the plankton feeders are able to attain such large sizes compared to the carnivores? –The main reason I feel that plankton eaters are able to attain such large sizes is because plankton are not a hard catch compared to trying to catch a seal or chase a school of fish. Plankton eaters can eat a lot more, while saving energy, which is perfect for bigger animals.

Project Management Success Factors

Project Management Success Factors Introduction Project is a temporary, unique and novel endeavor having a clear finish date (Project Management Institute, 2013). Project success has been a hot topic of debate for the last few decades. A lot of research and study has been done in this respect but the results are elusive rather than conclusive. The fundamental reason behind this is the unique nature, size and complexity of a project. Project success is a perceived concept and there is a wide divergence of opinions concerning this. Early research on project success was done keeping into account the golden triangle of time, budget and required levels of quality (Belassi, 1996). Failure to meet this expectations/standards, the project was considered as a failure. However, in the last two decades, the focus has been more on organizational and management success. The assessment of project success is done by different interest groups- (Stockholders, managers, customers and employees). Therefore, assessment of project success must be done in accordance to different views (Stuckenbruck, 1986) (Baccarini, 1999) identified the two distinct sources of project success: Project Management Success Emphasizes on project process and the successful accomplishment of golden triangle (cost, time and quality). Also, it addresses the way a project was conducted. Product Success- Deals with the effects of products final outcome. Project success is of prime most importance as a vast majority of the projects fail, incurring huge amounts of losses (resources and time). To overcome this, prominent researchers have adopted a two-dimensional method of addressing project success, namely project success criteria and success factors. PROJECT CRITICAL SUCCESS CRITERIA AND CRITICIAL SUCCESS FACTORS   Ã‚   Project success criteria are the set of guidelines and standards used to review the success or failures of a project. These are dependent on a lot of factors/variables and will be subject to variation in perception by different stakeholders. Traditionally, project success criteria were dependent on the golden or iron triangle (cost, time and quality). Conversely, it was later on discovered that success criteria couldnt be measured based on these factors alone as the perception of project success varies from person to person. Furthermore, research also shows that it is impossible to generate a standard specification of success criteria apposite for all projects. Assessment of project was done on different criterias, including utility of the final project, client satisfaction, and the probability of making use of the finished project (Slevin Pinto, 1986). Although different researches have different opinions, there is a general consensus regarding the result areas, which covers the en tire issue of project success in the broadest sense. Some of the key elements of project success criteria are as follows: Stakeholders Appreciation. User Appreciation. Appreciation by contracting partners. Appreciation by project personnel. Appreciation by users. Client appreciation. Time. Quality. Cost. Project efficiency. Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. (Project Management Institute, 2013). A lot of significant research work has been carried out in the field of project management to identify and determine the critical success factors. Eminent researchers , Pinto and Slevin were the first to develop a Project management tool, named Project Implementation Plan (PIP) and identification of critical success factors (Slevin Pinto, 1986). These factors were widely accepted and also used by other researchers (Scott-Young Samson, 2004) . Furthermore, it was also realized that due to complexities and subtleties of projects, this method wasnt very effective and the Project implementation tool (PIP) was used to examine the Critical success Factors (CSF) over different project life cycles (Pinto Prescott, 1998) (Adams, 1978) (King Cleland, 1983). The various Critical Success Factors associated with the dif ferent project life cycles are as follows: Project Initiation or Conceptualization Phase: (Success factors- Definition of goals, project objectives, project summary and client appreciation). (Morris Hough, 1987) Project Planning Phase : (Success factors- Scope definition, project strategy, selection of team members, work breakdown structure (WBS), resource allocation, client acceptance and management support). (Cleland King, 1983) (Belassi, 1996) Project Execution Phase: (Success factors- Scheduling, technical works, trouble-shooting, monitoring and feedback, innovation and quality control) (Morris Hough, 1987) Project Closing or Terminating Phase: (Success factors- Client feedback, work review, technical tasks, client consultation, project reports.) (Belassi, 1996) Furthermore, the success factors can also be divided into major groups covering all the aspects and elements of project management (Westerveld, 2002). These are as follows: Management of Human Resources: (Team and leadership, Project manager, stakeholder Management) Project Process: (Planning, scheduling, controlling, monitoring, quality and risk) Organizational Factors: (Resources , policy , organizational structure) Technical Factors: (Procurement, Contractor, technical works and novelty) External Factors: (Skilled human resources, experience, project size, project uniqueness, management support structure, political stability, environment and other natural hazards) Thus, it can be concluded that project success criteria emphasizes more on the result oriented areas, whereas; success factors focus more on the organizational areas of a project (Westerveld, 2002). At the same time, they both act as excellent guidelines for the management team to formulate and device their strategy, implementing and executing them in order to achieve direct or indirect project success. Also, researchers have found that that human resource management accelerates projects success more than technical skills (Scott-Young Samson, 2004). Project managers play a pivotal role when it comes to successful delivery of projects. Due to the complexity and uniqueness associated with each project, it is of outmost importance for a project manager to develop and adopt a multi-dimensional approach. As the project manager has to focus on multiple variables, it is essential for the project manager to get his management team onboard as quickly as possible and define project goals, sco pe and execution plan. A project manager must realize and understand the client and organizations expectations and design a bespoke plan of action taking into account the success criteria and success factors.

What Is Rdbms Ordbms And Oodbms Information Technology Essay

What Is Rdbms Ordbms And Oodbms Information Technology Essay A set of computer programs which controls the formation, preservation, and the use of database with computer as a platform is called a database management system (DBMS). The control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) is permitted by the database management system. It helps the use of integrated collection of data and files and also easily permits the access of the same database to different user application programs. The database models like network model or relational model can be used by the DBMS. Another feature of the DBMS is allows users and other software to store and get back data in a structured way in large systems. The users can write simple question in query language to retrieve information instead of writing computer programs. Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features provided by DBMS are very helpful to specify the logical organization for database and access and use the information within a database. Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) The abbreviation form of Relational Data Base Management System is RDBMS. The structure of RDBMS is database tables, fields and records. Each RDBMS table consists of database table rows and each database table row consists of one or more database table fields. RDBMS is used by main frame, midrange and microcomputers. MS SQL Server, DB2, Oracle and MySQL are the most popular RDBMS. The data are stored in the form of tables which might be related by common fields. The data stored in the database table are manipulated by the rational operators given by RDBMS. SQL is the database query language in most RDBMS. Why RDBMS? We will use the terms tables and relations interchangeably. In a RDBMS, the data is logically perceived as tables. _ Tables are in logical data structures that we assume hold the data that the database intends to represents _ And tables are not physical structures. _ Each table have a unique table name There are advantages and as well as disadvantages in the RDBMS. The advantages of RDBMS are Fast and easy to pop out data as relation among entities is well defined More secure and normalization Problems are avoided when two things are processed at the same time data can be managed in proper manner Accuracy The disadvantages on the other hand are A professional is needed to deal with Proper training is required Need software and hard ware The model is not easy to the end user to run quires Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS) The object relational database management system is known as a database management system which is alike to a relational database, but with an object oriented database model. This system supports classes, objects and inheritance directly in database schemas and in the query language. Besides, extension of the data model with custom data type and methods are supported by ORDBMS. The well-organized management from a limited set of data types is focused in traditional RDBMS but object relational DBMS on the other hand permits web sites development experts to join their own data types and methods. Advantages of ORDBMS: Large storage capacity is ensured in Object Relational Database Management Systems which benefits for the web based development. Reasonably quick access speed Massive scalability of ORDBMS is beneficial. Outstanding manipulation power of object databases is boasted in ORDBMS APIs and server subsystems are added to support object functionality. The database engine is completely redesigned A new object-oriented layer is added to support rich data types Disadvantages of ORDBMS ORDMBS fails in High speed internet applications. The IDC opines that the ORDBMS market has the possibility to exceed the size of ODBMS in the next two years time in web based development Object Oriented Database Management system (OODBMS) Object Oriented Database Management system is the most excellent alternative to resolve impedance mismatch causing in the use of Relational Database Management System as objects have to be mapped to table. Database management is combined with object oriented programming concepts by the object oriented database management system. The principles of database management such as isolation, durability, consistency and atomicity and the object oriented programming concepts consist of of inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism. The mixture of these ideas permits easiness in the management of large number of data, results in system reliability and guarantees support for query languages. Therefore, from the description given above it can be concluded that an OODBMS is not only a database management system but also a complete object oriented development setting. Software development companies use OODBMS as an alternative because it follows intelligibility while objects are accessed in the database. The Main objective of the OODBMS is to give consistent, data independent, secure, controlled and extensible data management services to support the object-oriented model. They were created to handle big and complex data that relational databases could not. The most main characteristic is the joining of object-oriented programming with database technology, which provides an integrated application development system. Object-oriented programming results in 4 main characteristics: inheritances, data encapsulation, object identity, and polymorphism. Object Identity, Object Structure, and Type Constructors Object Identity An OO database system provides a unique identity to each independent object stored in the database. This unique identity is typically implemented via a unique, system-generated object identifier (OID). The OID cab is assigned to program variables of the appropriate type when needed. The main property required of an OID is that it be immutable; that is, the OID value of a particular object should not change. This preserves the identity of the real-world object being represented. Merits of OODBMS over RDBMS The impedance mismatch is completely cancelled out in OODBMS and on the other hand in a relational database system a problem is always faced by a custom software development company. There was lot of wastage of time in RDBMS while objects had to be mapped with tables and the table mapped with objects. In the RDBMS, problems have to be faced by the users when identifying the records and they have to make sure that no two records have the same primary key. In the OODBMS this problem is completely avoided by its unique OIDs. OODBMS can deal with complex data than RDBMS as in ODBMS, a large class able to hold lot of intermediate sized classes, which can keep even more medium sized classes. The database management system maintains the connection between objects and the constraints on objects in an object oriented database, which means, the objects themselves. They permit support of complex application which is not supported by the other models. The programmability and performance, improve navigational access, and simplify concurrency control are improved by the object oriented database. The risks linked with the referential integrity are reduced in OODBMS and it gives an enhanced user metaphor than the relational model. Object oriented database can store both complex component and large structure. The large objects in object oriented database do not need to be broken apart and reassemble by application. Therefore object oriented data base do not suffer performance degradation. RDBMS does not allow the nested structure. These category of applications widely found in CAD/CAE, aerospace, etc. But these applications are easily supported in OODBMS. Besides, it is better to deal with the complex structure in the form of objects rather than table, tuples and records in RDBMS. Limited numbers of data types such as integer and string and limited number of built in operations are available in the relational database management system. This database management system is suitable for simple and few number of data types. The OODBMS on the other hand are appropriate for application where the relationships among elements in the database carry the key information. Conclusion According to the report we can takes some con-clusions regarding RDBMS and OODBMS: †¢ Relational databases have as their objective to ensure data independence ie> Normalized data is separated from processing and the processing corresponding to satisfy-ing informational requirements need not be totally pre-defined, thus accepting ad-hoc re-quirements too. †¢ Object oriented databases have as their main objective encapsulation, being stored together with the data and the methods. They are inseparable. It is said that we have to do with an independence of classes and not with an independence of data. †¢ An OODBMS and not an RDBMS is needed while in the reference applications we have to do with complex data. †¢ The object oriented database mar-kets will continue to develop, but they will still (represent) only a fraction of the traditional databases. †¢ It is appreciated that RDMSs hold the largest part of the largest part of the data-bases. But the prospect is that they will still co-exist for a long time future with the OODBS. ORDBMS complicates database design due to its new richness. There are more alternative designs that can be used to represent a particular situation, and it is not always obvious which to pick. Unthinkingly applying some of these features, such as the COLLECTION columns, create problems.

Admirations of Love Essay -- Poetry Analysis

Delight me, tickle my senses, I dare you! To be delighted-- isn’t that something we all wish to enjoy. Taking a walk in Edward E. Cummings’ poem, titled; â€Å"[S]omewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond†, where he embraces his reader upon revealing a rainbow of â€Å"colour[ful]† techniques-- making my mind dance over hills of wild flowers (Cummings 742). With each new flower giving form to a jumble of abstract emotions, he conveys a more pronounced diction. And though I may color myself a portrait with perfect admirations of love, history has a funny way of telling me differently. â€Å"[S]omewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond/ any experience,your eyes have their silence: / in your most frail gesture are things which enclose me, / or which i cannot touch because they are too near† (Cummings 742). In the first verse Cummings presents meter, but discontinues this method in the next four verses. When metering the first verse, it sets it apart, --like an introduction to a story-- laying down a path to the rest of the poem. Reading from one verse to the next, we see Cummings’ love for another become unraveled piece by tantalizing piece. His thoughts begin to break down into open words on the page, but still remain embodied within a quatrain structure. Perhaps telling us his love is uncontrolled, but composed. In the first verse, lines one and two are separate from lines three and four with a colon. A colon, in its most simple of ways, separates Cummings’ topics from his explanations. The first two lines of verse one, tells me of a place which he desires to travel, but has never been. The third and fourth lines in verse one describes that destination and why he must not go. In the fourth verse he entices me ... ... and the depth in which he sees her, is his understanding. So where does this leave me now? I have followed Cummings’ path from technique to technique. Even took a closer look through his use of words. Grasping ahold of an image I clearly see, but then questioning my thoughts when reading Cummings history during that time. One thing still remains clear to me; he has admirations of love for this person, and only the innocence behind it-- for me-- remains open for interpretation. Works Cited Cummings, Edward. â€Å"Somewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond.† Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. Campion, Donna. United States: Kennedy X. J., Dana Gioia, 2010, 2007, and 2005. 742. Print. Reef, Catherine. â€Å"E. E. Cummings a poet’s life.† USA: Houghton Mifflin Company imprint, 2006. Print

gatcolor Great Gatsby Essays: Importance of Color :: Great Gatsby Essays

Importance of Color in The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In literature, colors are often purposefully chosen for different characters to represent the character’s personalities. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the colors green, yellow/gold, and gray are used to represent the attributes of the colored person or place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apparently, green is the most prominently used color in the novel. The reason for this may be that green is the color used to describe the main character of the novel, Jay Gatsby. One of the possible meanings of green in this story is envy. Gatsby can be seen as an envious man for a few reasons. For one, he is extremely envious of Tom Buchanan because of the fact that he has the one thing he can’t buy, Daisy. Also, Gatsby is extremely envious of the people that he invites to his house. He knows that he is not old money like the people he invites to his parties. This makes him a man of who, is â€Å"Green with envy.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In like manner, green is also used to symbolize money. In the story, money controls the life of the people in the story. Gatsby feels that he needs green money to live and to impress Daisy. Symbols of Gatsby’s money included his large green lawn and the green ivy growing up his house. Also, in his car, it depicts the passengers sitting â€Å"in a sort of green leather conservatory.† All of these symbols depict Gatsby’s money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In contrast to green, yellow and gold are used to be an example of old money, unlike green that is used to depict the new money of gold. Tom could be seen as a gold person for he has old money. As green and gold contrast, so do Gatsby and Tom. A quotation of new money gold is â€Å"†¦ Jordan’s slender golden arm resting on mine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gatsby desperately buys â€Å"†¦.. a yellow car,† in which he will attempt to be of old money, even though everyone knows that Gatsby is not of old money. Gold and green are as much a contrast of new and old, but they do have a distant connection just as a new and an old car have the same connection. They may look different, but deep down, the two can be seen as the same item.   Fitzgerald describes the Valley of Ashes as

Failures of globalization Essay

Globalization has assisted Belize in increasing its literacy rate from fifty percent in the early 1980s to eighty percent in the first part of the twenty first century. The life expectancy of the country has increased to around seventy two. This was only forty percent an estimated four decades ago. The average worker is also benefiting with better wages. Better standard of living, higher wages, advances in science and technology and increase in democracy have been the successes of the globalization experiment in Belize. Globalization has also assisted in the increase of management and professional specialty jobs. Between 1983 and 2000 the total number of such positions has increased to a percentage of forty percent in Belize (Barnett 65, 2000). Many American and European firms have set up operations in Belize which has led to the introduction of advanced technology and business practices. This has also added the benefit of spillover effects into the rest of the economy as demonstrated by the robust and competitive private sector of Belize. Globalization has increased the number of jobs in Belize. It also has increased the efficiency of producing goods and providing services at lower costs and higher profits. The incentive to produce has also increased which has benefited the business sector of Belize. The standard of living has increased with technology making efficient transportation possible (Barnett 65, 2000). The division of labor has enabled Belize to maximize the value of its output while resources have not been wasted in goods production that could be imported more cheaply. Globalization has a considerable impact in social policy by the debt crisis and influence of international donors. This has greatly accelerated the integration of Belize with the international market. Opening the economy has also created greater vulnerability to external factors. This has resulted in loss of income and jobs. This leads to demands for systems of social protection, income support, and free or subsidized health care. Currently the government provides income support for old age. One major impact of globalization has the assumption that democracy will be sustained in Belize. The tradition of democracy is significant as it has led to better health and education services. GDP per capita has also increased which indicates that Belize has invested substantial amounts of money in health and education (Bary 125, 2005). However the size of the external debt renders the health and education spending to contribute to budget deficits because of extensive borrowing from foreign donors. A number of macroeconomic trends seem to indicate the government’s success in reducing inflation, modifying the structure of employment, and opening the economy for foreign investors. Local production systems are competing with each other in Belize which allows them to see their position within a wider integrated economy. Another negative impact is that countries like Belize do not have any choice about the restrictions and conditions which are associated with the policies of international organizations like World Bank and IMF. Transnational corporate also have been able to take advantage and demand favorable economic policies to invest in the country. This has alienated some of the domestic interest groups like business and labor (Bary 125, 2005). By opening up with the international economy, Belize has also suffered from a decrease in the amount of power it has over its economic policy. Pressure from international organizations like the World Bank and IMF has pushed the country to remove barriers and allow foreign direct investment to increase trade. Further coercive policies and regulations have created income equalities in the country. Despite the substantial increase in trade and foreign investment, the level of poverty remains high in the country. Liberal financial and trade policies have caused significant inequality and stability in terms of employment and income while reducing the ability of the Belizean government to control its policies. Diminished controls over monetary policies and exchange rates have created income inequalities (Bolland 46, 2006). Certain economic policies have bred increased poverty rates. The results of foreign direct investment on employment and growth have also been mixed. The foreign investment has been saturated in certain areas. Some sectors of the economy have minimal investment. The economy of Belize has become dependant on the international market by the growing volume of cross border finance, investment, goods, and services. The majority of Belizean residents live in the rural areas in contrast to the elite of the country. The differences between social classes have increased after the advent of globalization in Belize. Capital account liberalization has created a negative impact on the local banks of Belize as they are vulnerable to financial crisis and external shocks (Bolland 46, 2006). The decrease in tariffs has also led to decline in production of certain agricultural products.

Impact of Second Great Awakening on Modern Society Essay

The Second Great Awakening laid the foundations of the development of present-day religious beliefs and establishments, moral views, and democratic ideals in the United States. Beginning back in late eighteenth century and lasting until the middle of the nineteenth century,1 this Protestant awakening sought to reach out the un-churched and bring people to a much more personal and vivid experience of Christianity. Starting on the Southern frontier and soon spreading to the Northeast, the Second Great Awakening has also been associated as a response against the growing liberalism in religion – skepticism, deism, and rational Christianity. 2 Although the movement is well-known to be just a period of religious revival, its tremendous effects still influence the nation even up to now. The lasting impacts of the revolution include the shift of the dominating Christian theology from predestination to salvation for all, the emergence and growth of religious factions, the escalation of involvement in secular affairs, and the shaping of the country into a more egalitarian society. These footprints left by the Second Great Awakening helped mold America into what it is today. Contrary to the popular belief of predestination during the First Great Awakening, the Second Great Awakening emphasized salvation for all, which eventually replaced the former as the dominating Christian theology in America even up to now. 3 During the American Revolution, the largest church denominations were the Quakers, the Congregationalists, and the Anglicans. These earlier denominations believed in a Calvinist theology called predestination. In basic terms, predestination exemplifies that God already predetermined from the beginning of time those who are saved from hell and those who are not. However, this doctrine did not match the Revolutionary spirit of national and personal accomplishment. Thus, when the Second Great Awakening extended throughout the country, most post-war Americans abandoned strict notions of Calvinism and shifted to the Arminian theology of universal salvation through personal faith and devotional service. Instead of being predestined to either heaven or hell, this doctrine states that salvation can be acquired through faith by anyone; people have the choice to either accept or reject God’s salvation.4 While traditional Calvinism had taught election into heaven depending solely on the will of God, evangelical Protestants preached that the rebirth and redemption of the soul rests on one’s inner faith.5 In addition, the Arminian theology also taught the need to improve the world around us as a preparation for the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. By sharing these concepts, religious reformers attracted just about everyone, mostly those in need of deliverance and economic activists. Churches that adopted this theology, such as Baptists and Methodists, surpassed the previous leading church factions. As of today, both are still the chief Protestant denominations in the United States.6 The spread of revivalism in the period of the Second Great Awakening led to the fueling growth of Christian denominations in America. Today, as the largest religion, not only in the United States but in the whole world, Christianity holds a great number of church denominations. 7 Many of these denominations either experienced a significant boom of membership or trace their roots back in this era of renewal. As the movement swept through southern Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee, congregations who garnered these numerous converts were the Methodist and Baptist. Both denominations were based on an elucidation of man’s spiritual equality before God, which aided their goal to acquire more members and preachers from a varied range of classes and races. Also, since the south, at that time, had a predominantly rural economy and poorly developed infrastructures and establishments, religious organizations functioned as a physical symbol of relief providing social stability for the populace.8 Camp meetings and missionary preachers were also primary reasons for the growth in the membership of both factions.9 With the idea of free will becoming prevalent, new denominations were produced by the movement. Two of these denominations were the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the African Methodist Episcopal. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – commonly known as Mormons was founded by Joseph Smith; he was inspired to create a new church faction by the revivals he experienced in the western area of New York called the â€Å"Burned Over District-† implying it had been â€Å"scorched† by so many revivals. Although not regarded as a splinter off from an existing Protestant denomination but a restoration of primitive Christianity having distinctive post-biblical doctrines, the Mormon Church is now a flourishing, worldwide denomination. On the other hand, during the revivals, Baptists and Methodists converted large numbers of blacks. However, because of the mistreatment they received from their fellow believers, under the leadership of Richard Allen, the black population broke away from the Methodist church while creating their own denomination; the African Methodist Episcopal.10 Both churches mentioned above, having developed and sprouted out other denominations over the years, still stand even today. While new religious ideas fanned out and denominations proliferated, social activism, in response, also began to escalate. The Second Great Awakening stirred the initiation of many reform movements in belief to cure the ills and defects of the civilization before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ.11 Charles Finney, one of the most prominent figure in the awakening, exhorted people to choose God, turn away from their sin and repent, and then work to make the world around them a little better. He inspired American Christians to open their eyes to the problems of the world. With the encouragements of revivalists such as Finney, social reforms started taking action. Advocates of the temperance movement, mostly women, condemned various effects of the role of alcohol in public life.12 A revivalist named Lyman Beecher preached people to voluntarily discontinue drinking alcohol saying it could easily cause people to sin. Another secular issue tackled by the movement was slavery. Charles Finney proved to be not only an inspirational revivalist but also a devoted abolitionist; he encouraged Christians to view slavery as a moral issue rather than a political or economic one. It took several years, but the abolitionists’ effort to end slavery in America paid off13 – as shown by the 13th Amendment.14 Other reformers pursued the improvement of conditions in cities, prisons, and asylums. They aimed at helping deprived people to concentrate on their own spiritual situation, rather than just their living conditions. The moral idea of improving the world around us are still followed by Americans, Christian or non-Christian, who still send out missionaries and donate more time and money to charitable works around the world. Social reforms in the Second Great Awakening became the platform for the rise of egalitarian rights in the society. For centuries, America embodied an unofficial hierarchy in which blacks, women, and children were degraded while white, male adults with property reigned. However, this idea began to crumble down as social activism increased. With the victory of the abolitionist movement, which was greatly strengthened by the movement, slavery was abolished; thus, opening the door to the equality of races. And as women became more involved in charitable affairs, advocating the temperance movement and supporting abolitionists, the women’s rights reform with a purpose to make women equal to men in the eyes of society and the law was established; soon, they began advocating for their own right to vote. Educational reforms also rose up, resolved to make elementary school education mandatory and free of cost in order to guarantee the broadening of educated citizens in the nation. 15 These reforms, as evident in today’s society, were successful in preparing the step for the institution of equality in the United States irrespective of race, gender, or religion. Now the United States has become a place where everybody is equal in front of the law and for the most part in the eyes of society. Overall, the events driven by the Second Great Awakening steered the defining characteristics of the United States into a different direction. With the predominant theology of free will, the growth of diversified religious factions, the entwining of Christian values with civic values and involvement in worldly problems, and expanding of democratic ideals – America has developed into the country it is right now. Although the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening has already cooled down, its legacy remains permanent.

Counseling and Ethical Standards

Core Assessment Jessica Ferguson PS 206 Introduction to Guidance and Counseling Abstract This core assessment will be my understanding of the concepts that I have learned in this course. I will define and give examples about the different therapy techniques that I have learned about. I will show that I can adequately explain that I am knowledgeable in my understanding of confidentiality and ethics in counseling. 1. (a) Empathic understanding is when a therapist correctly understands the client’s thoughts, feelings and meanings from the client’s point of view.When the therapist is able to look at the clients point of view it tells the client that his/or her point has value and the client feels accepted. Example: Client: I don’t know why my husband wants to come to therapy now; we have never been able to communicate. It doesn’t bother me anymore. I’ve accepted it, I wish he could. Therapist: Coning to therapy now doesn’t make much sense to you. Maybe you used to have feeling about your lack of communication with your husband, but it sound like you feel pretty numb about the whole situation now. b) Unconditional positive regard is when a client is able to talk about their thoughts and feelings without having to do anything in particular to earn the therapists understanding. This is done when the therapist accepts the client unconditionally and does not pass judgment. (c)Transference is when a client projects feelings or attitudes from the past onto the therapist.Example: When a female client begins to treat her female therapist with disdain and begins to close off from therapy because the female therapist reminds her of her mother that was overbearing and mean to her. d) Anxiety is a feeling that people experience in many different ways. Some people may feel nervous, anxious, and fearful. Most of the time anxiety is normal and a good part of our ability to deal with the world. However, anxiety can become a problem for some people if it becomes excessive and begins to interfere with our daily lives. Example: Normal anxiety would be if someone had a big project due at work and the good anxiety may push us to prepare more before you present your project. An xample of excessive anxiety is when a woman has to fly on an airplane and she begins to get extremely nervous and sick to her stomach and she begins to feel dizzy. She does not get on the plane because she had experienced excessive anxiety. (e) Projection is when a client blames other people for their actions. Example: Sandy is holding an expensive glass vase and Joe is trying to get his jacket on, in the meantime, Sandy drops the vase and screams at Joe, â€Å"See what you made me do! I dropped the vase because you were taking too long to put on your coat.Sandy blamed Joe for dropping the vase. (f) Irrational beliefs. As we develop we form beliefs about ourselves, others and the world. Most of the time our beliefs are truthful, healthy, and rationa l. However, through events and unfortunate circumstances we begin to develop false, unhealthy, and irrational beliefs about ourselves, others and the world. Example: A client that thinks that she has to be perfect in every way to please everyone and if she is not perfect in every way then no one will love her. 2. (a). Behavior therapy and person-centered therapyBehavior therapy believes that our behaviors are learned and that we are products of our environment. The client and therapist both take a very active role in learning more desired behaviors. Person- centered therapy believes that the client is their own best authority and they are capable of fulfilling their won potential for growth with minimal direction from the therapist. The behavior therapist will set goals, treatment plans and expected outcomes up front and does not believe that the therapist has to be overly warm with the client.A person-centered therapist will allow the client to decide what their own goals and treat ment plan will be and also believes that it is an important part of therapy to have the therapist is as open and warm as possible. Person –centered therapy places more emphasis on the client’s expressing and experiencing their feelings. Behavior therapy believes that people have to learn new behaviors. (b). Family and Psychoanalytic therapy Family therapy focuses on the fact that we are part of a family and that we each play a role in each other lives.Change happens with in relationships in the family not just one person. Family therapy is usually brief. The psychoanalytic approach focuses only on one person and change occurs within their own personality. Psychoanalytic approach can take several years to complete. The family therapist has to be able to listen and not pass judgment on any of the family members; the therapist must be open, honest and warm with everyone in the group. The psychoanalytic therapist does not believe that you should share any personal experien ces or their reaction with their clients.They believe that they should listen and analyze. 3. Part 1 (a). It is highly unethical to pursue a romantic relationship with a client during therapy. It is the therapist’s ethical duty to help the client with his or her problems not to add to them. Corey (2009), states that becoming emotionally or sexually involved with a current client is unethical, unprofessional, and illegal. As to a former client, a romantic relationship is unethical because the therapist already knows very personally and intimate details of the client’s life and the therapist could use that to their advantage.Part 2 (a). Confidentiality in counseling is very important in gaining trust from the client. The client needs to know that what they are discussing in therapy does not leave the room. But the client needs to know that confidentially does not mean keeping secrets. The client should know that confidentially may be broken if they client is going to har m themselves or someone else. The therapist needs to be discussing the fact that confidentially has boundaries and the client has to understand what those boundaries are before counseling begins.The counselor should provide written information on important aspects of therapy at the beginning of counseling, such as what the boundaries of confidentiality are, payments, complaints, ect†¦ Part 2 (b) â€Å"Duty to warn† would be necessary if I had a client that was 14 years old and she disclosed to me that her step-father had been touching her sexually. I would have a duty to warn the proper authorities because she is a minor. The ethical issue involved would be that I would have to break confidentiality of my patient by disclosing to outside person’s what we iscussed. Another example of duty to warn would be if I had a client that told me that he hated his co-workers and that he was going to shoot them. I would have to break confidentiality by contacting the authoriti es and letting them know that this person was a serious threat to others. Part 2 (c) Ethical standards are important in counseling because there has to be a professional standard for appropriate behavior, professional expectations and preventing harm to clients.When you are a profession where the therapist and clients relationship is built on trust, the therapist should engage in conduct that is safe and non-threatening to the client, so that the client can get the emotional and psychological healing that they deserve. 4. I could apply REBT therapy to my life because this therapy is very direct and challenges you to do something rather than just sitting and talking about problems. I have a problem saying no to people. I feel that I should help everyone when I am asked and if I just have to say no I feel very shameful and guilt ridden.I think that REBT’s method of disputing my irrational beliefs would help me. It could help me learn to ask myself, â€Å"Why must I say yes all of the time? and â€Å"what is the worst thing that could happen if I say no?. I also think that REBT’s method of doing homework would help me too. It could help me to put myself in situations where I would have to say no. And REBT’s shame attacking exercise would also help me. I feel very shameful when I have to say no to someone. This method would have me to do things that I would feel shameful dong and by doing those things the feelings of shame would eventually disappear or not be such a big deal anymore.I would also benefit from Gestalt therapy. I think that this therapy could benefit me by helping me to ask for help and to give me more awareness of myself. I have a huge problem asking anyone for help. I think that the empty chair technique would assist me to be able to tell my mother that I needed help when I was younger but I did not want to ask her for it because I did not want to bother her because she was always so busy. I would also use the rehearsal techn ique. The rehearsal technique would help me by giving me practice saying out loud that I need help. 5. a) Low self-esteem – I think that behavioral cognitive therapy would be the best method for low self-esteem. CBT helps a person to diminish negative beliefs about themselves; it helps the person to establish and strengthen more positive beliefs, and encourages the person to learn how to accept themselves for who they are. Some of the techniques used in CBT that would be helpful for a person with low self-esteem. One technique would be trying to direct the client to more positive strengths and qualities, the client would have to write down everyday what their positive qualities are.Another technique would be to have the client to look at the past and present to find out what or who is helping the client to support negative beliefs about themselves. Another technique would to be to have the client to re-evaluate their dysfunctional assumptions about themselves and begin to for mulate new more realistic alternatives. I think that the psychoanalytic approach may not work the best for someone with low self-esteem because it focuses mainly on the person’s past and does not really focus on present situations.A person with low self-esteem may need a therapist that is accepting and warm, the psychoanalytic therapist does not believe that the client should be treated with very much warmth. And this approach can be a very long process. (b). Phobias – Behavior therapy would be the best approach for a person with a phobia. Behavior therapy focuses on, â€Å"observable behaviors, current determinates of behavior, learning experiences that promote change, tailoring treatment strategies to individual treatment and change the problem† (Corey, 2009).Some of the methods that the behavior therapist would use with a client with a phobia would be exposure therapies. Exposure therapies are for helping client to treat their phobias and the bad responses to those phobias. The therapist would try In vivo exposure with the client, by exposing the client to their actual phobia. The therapist could also use flooding. The therapist could have the client to imagine the phobia or have the client to experience the phobia for an extended period of time allowing for the fear to diminish on its own.I think that the least effective therapy for a person with a phobia would be person-centered therapy. Person – centered therapy focuses on the person, not their phobia. A person with a phobia wants to get rid of it, not just talk about it. (c) Marital problems would best be worked on through family systems therapy. Family systems therapy believes that we can be understood when we can be observed with our families. Its focus is on each person, but it also focuses on how each person interacts with one another. I would use structural- strategic family therapy.This method helps to reduce problems and set boundaries and helps to define power and con trol. I think that psychoanalytic therapy may not work well with marital problems because this therapy is based too much on a person’s past and early development. The couple may want to focus on the present and get their problems solved quickly. 6. Three counseling and guidance models. Gestalt therapy emphasizes awareness and personal responsibility and it adopts a holistic approach giving equal awareness to mind and body. It also believes that the client should not focus in the past or the future but on the present.Gestalt therapy believes that we have unfinished business. Unfinished business is what happens when you have feelings that are left unresolved. Those unresolved feelings show up later in present day life causing emotional upheaval. Gestalt therapy does not believe that there a specific methods to therapy that should be followed. The gestalt therapist may use experiments in the course to therapy. One of the exercises is the rehearsal exercise. This allows the clien t to rehearse what their feelings are. Another exercise would be the internal dialogue exercise.This exercise allows the client to express out load what they have been telling only themselves. Adlerian therapy believes that people posses an innate tendency toward completions or wholeness and that people strive for superiority to compensate for feelings of inferiority. It also believes that people have the ability to freely shape their own behavior and personality. It believes that humans have their own unique style of life that include a person’s goals, self-concepts, feelings for others and attitude toward the world.Adlerian therapy has several techniques that it employs during therapy. One technique is the life style assessment, which allows the therapist to identify what needs to be worked on during therapy and to identify successes and mistakes in the client’s life. The adlerian therapist also uses encouragement as a powerful technique in therapy. Encouragement is used to build a relationship and to help facilitate client change. A therapist may also use role playing, this gives the client an opportunity to add missing experience into their lives and to explore and practice new behaviors.The psychoanalytic approach believes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and often unconscious struggles within people. These usually involve conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression. The psychoanalytic therapist may use techniques such as free association where the client says anything that comes to mind. And dream analysis to find links in the client’s thoughts and behaviors and then interpret the dreams in terms of the client’s problems.References Corey,G. (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. (8th. Edition). Belmont,CA.

The Wealth of Nations

The Wealth of Nations was published 9 March 1776, during the Scottish Enlightenment and the Scottish Agricultural Revolution. It influenced a number of authors and economists, as well as governments and organizations. Synopsis I: Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers of Labour Of the Division of Labour: Division of labour has caused a greater increase in production than any other factor. This diversification is greatest for nations with more industry and improvement, and is responsible for â€Å"universal opulence† in those countries. Agriculture is less amenable than industry to division of labour; hence, rich nations are not so far ahead of poor nations in agriculture as in industry. Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of Labour: Division of labour arises not from innate wisdom, but from humans' propensity to barter. The apparent difference in natural talents between people is a result of specialization, rather than any innate cause. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market: Limited opportunity for exchange discourages division of labour. Because â€Å"water-carriage† extends the market, division of labour, with its improvements, comes earliest to cities near waterways. Civilization began around the highly navigable Mediterranean Sea†¦ Of the Origin and Use of Money: With division of labour, the producer of one's own labour can fill only a small part of one's needs. Different commodities have served as a common medium of exchange, but all nations have finally settled on metals, which are durable and divisible, for this purpose. Before coinage, people had to weigh and assay with each exchange, or risk â€Å"the grossest frauds and impositions. Thus nations began stamping metal, on one side only, to ascertain purity, or on all sides, to stipulate purity and amount. The quantity of real metal in coins has diminished, due to the â€Å"avarice and injustice of princes and sovereign states,† enabling them to pay their debts in appearance only, and to the defraudment of creditors. Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money: Smith gives two conflicting definitions of the relative value of a commodity. Adam Smith, â€Å"What everything really costs to the man, who wants to acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it. What everything is really worth to the man who has acquired it, and who wants to dispose of it, or exchange it for something else, is the toil and trouble which it can save to himself, and which it can impose upon other people. That this is really the foundation of the exchangeable value of all things, excepting those which cannot be increased by human industry, is a doctrine of the utmost importance in political economy. â€Å"The value of any commodity †¦ is equal to the quantity of labour which it enables him to purchase or command. Labour, therefore, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities. † Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities: Smith argues that the price of any product reflects wages, rent of land and â€Å"†¦ profit of stock,† which compensates the capitalist for risking his resources. Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities: â€Å"When the quantity of any commodity which is brought to market falls short of the effectual demand, all those who are willing to pay†¦ annot be supplied with the quantity which they want†¦ Some of them will be willing to give more. A competition will begin among them, and the market price will rise†¦ When the quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand, it cannot be all sold to those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither†¦ The market price will sink†¦ † When demand exceeds supply, the price goes up. When the supply exceeds demand, the price goes down. Of the Wages of Labour: Smith describes how the wages of labour are dictated primarily by the competition among laborers and masters. When laborers bid against one another for limited opportunities for employment, the wages of labour collectively fall, whereas when employers compete against one another for limited supplies of labour, the wages of labour collectively rise. However, this process of competition is often circumvented by combinations among laborers and among masters. When laborers combine and no longer bid against one another, their wages rise, whereas when masters combine, wages fall. Of the Profits of Stock: Smith uses interest rates as an indicator of the profits of stock. This is because interest can only be paid with the profits of stock, and so creditors will be able to raise rates in proportion to the increase or decrease of the profits of their debtors. Smith argues that the profits of stock are inversely proportional to the wages of labour, because as more money is spent compensating labour, there is less remaining for personal profit. It follows that, in societies where competition among laborers is greatest relative to competition among employers, profits will be much higher. Smith illustrates this by comparing interest rates in England and Scotland. In England, government laws against usury had kept maximum interest rates very low, but even the maximum rate was believed to be higher than the rate at which money was usually loaned. In Scotland, however, interest rates are much higher. This is the result of a greater proportion of capitalists in England, which offsets some competition among laborers and raises wages. Of Wages and Profit in the Different Employments of Labour and Stock: Smith repeatedly attacks groups of politically aligned individuals who attempt to use their collective influence to manipulate the government into doing their bidding. At the time, these were referred to as â€Å"factions,† but are now more commonly called â€Å"special interests,† a term that can comprise international bankers, corporate conglomerations, outright oligopolies, trade unions and other groups. Indeed, Smith had a particular distrust of the tradesman class. He felt that the members of this class, especially acting together within the guilds they want to form, could constitute a power block and manipulate the state into regulating for special interests against the general interest: â€Å"People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies; much less to render them necessary. † Smith also argues against government subsidies of certain trades, because this will draw many more people to the trade than what would otherwise be normal, collectively lowering their wages. Motivates an understanding of the idea of feudalism. Of the Rent of the Land: Rent, considered as the price paid for the use of land, is naturally the highest the tenant can afford in the actual circumstances of the land. In adjusting lease terms, the landlord endeavors to leave him no greater share of the produce than what is sufficient to keep up the stock from which he furnishes the seed, pays the labour, and purchases and maintains the cattle and other instruments of husbandry, together with the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighborhood. This is evidently the smallest share with which the tenant can content himself without being a loser, and the landlord seldom means to leave him anymore. Whatever part of the produce, or, what is the same thing, whatever part of its price, is over and above this share, he naturally endeavors to reserve to himself as the rent of his land, which is evidently the highest the tenant can afford to pay in the actual circumstances of the land. II: Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock Of the Division of Stock: â€Å"When the stock which a man possesses is no more than sufficient to maintain him for a few days or a few weeks, he seldom thinks of deriving any revenue from it. He consumes it as sparingly as he can, and endeavors by his labour to acquire something which may supply its place before it be consumed altogether. His revenue is, in this case, derived from his labour only. This is the state of the greater part of the laboring poor in all countries. † â€Å"But when he possesses stock sufficient to maintain him for months or years, he naturally endeavors to derive revenue from the greater part of it; reserving only so much for his immediate consumption as may maintain him till this revenue begins to come in. His whole stock, therefore, is distinguished into two parts. That part which, he expects, is to afford him this revenue, is called his capital. Of Money Considered as a particular Branch of the General Stock of the Society: â€Å"That the price of the greater part of commodities resolves itself into three parts, of which one pays the wages of the labour, another the profits of the stock, and a third the rent of the land which had been employed in producing and bringing them to market: that there are, indeed, some commodities of which the price is made up of two of those parts only, the wages of labour, and the profits of stock: and a very few in which it consists altogether in one, the wages of labour: but that the price of every commodity necessarily resolves itself into some one, or other, or all of these three parts; every part of it which goes neither to rent nor to wages, being necessarily profit to somebody. † Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour: â€Å"One sort of labour ads to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed: there is another which has no such effect. The former, as it produces a value, may be called productive; the latter, unproduct ive labour. Thus the labour of a manufacturer adds, generally, to the value of the materials which he works upon, that of his own maintenance and of his master's profit. The labour of a menial servant, on the contrary, adds to the value of nothing. † Of Stock Lent at Interest: â€Å"The stock which is lent at interest is always considered as a capital by the lender. He expects that in due time it is to be restored to him, and that in the meantime the borrower is to pay him a certain annual rent for the use of it. The borrower may use it either as a capital, or as a stock reserved for immediate consumption. If he uses it as a capital, he employs it in the maintenance of productive labourers, who reproduce the value with a profit. He can, in this case, both restore the capital and pay the interest without alienating or encroaching upon any other source of revenue. If he uses it as a stock reserved for immediate consumption, he acts the part of a prodigal, and dissipates in the maintenance of the idle what was destined for the support of the industrious. He can, in this case, neither restore the capital nor pay the interest without either alienating or encroaching upon some other source of revenue, such as the property or the rent of land. † The stock which is lent at interest is, no doubt, occasionally employed in both these ways, but in the former much more frequently than in the latter. III: Of the different Progress of Opulence in different Nations Of the Natural Progress of Opulence: â€Å"The great commerce of every civilized society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country. It consists in the exchange of crude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or by the intervention of money, or of some sort of paper which represents money. The country supplies the town with the means of subsistence and the materials of manufacture. The town repays this supply by sending back a part of the manufactured produce to the inhabitants of the country. The town, in which there neither is nor can be any reproduction of substances, may very roperly be said to gain its whole wealth and subsistence from the country. We must not, however, upon this account, imagine that the gain of the town is the loss of the country. The gains of both are mutual and reciprocal, and the division of labour is in this, as in all other cases, advantageous to all the different persons employed in the various occupations into which it is subdivided. † Of the Discouragement of Agriculture: â€Å"Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire†. â€Å"When the German and Scythian nations overran the western provinces of the Roman Empire, the confusions which followed so great a revolution lasted for several centuries. The rapine and violence which the barbarians exercised against the ancient inhabitants interrupted the commerce between the towns and the country. The towns were deserted, and the country was left uncultivated, and the western provinces of Europe, which had enjoyed a considerable degree of opulence under the Roman Empire, sunk into the lowest state of poverty and barbarism. During the continuance of those confusions, the chiefs and principal leaders of those nations acquired or usurped to themselves the greater part of the lands of those countries. A great part of them was uncultivated; but no part of them, whether cultivated or uncultivated, was left without a proprietor. All of them were engrossed, and the greater part by a few great proprietors. This original engrossing of uncultivated lands, though a great, might have been but a transitory evil. They might soon have been divided again, and broke into small parcels either by succession or by alienation. The law of primogeniture hindered them from being divided by succession: the introduction of entails prevented their being broke into small parcels by alienation. † Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the fall of the Roman Empire: â€Å"The inhabitants of cities and towns were, after the fall of the Roman empire, not more favored than those of the country. They consisted, indeed, of a very different order of people from the first inhabitants of the ancient republics of Greece and Italy. These last were composed chiefly of the proprietors of lands, among whom the public territory was originally divided, and who found it convenient to build their houses in the neighborhood of one another, and to surround them with a wall, for the sake of common defense. After the fall of the Roman Empire, on the contrary, the proprietors of land seem generally to have lived in fortified castles on their own estates, and in the midst of their own tenants and dependants. The towns were chiefly inhabited by tradesmen and mechanics, which seem in those days to have been of servile, or very nearly of servile condition. The privileges which we find granted by ancient charters to the inhabitants of some of the principal towns in Europe sufficiently show what they were before those grants. The people to whom it is granted as a privilege that they might give away their own daughters in marriage without the consent of their lord, that upon their death their own children, and not their lord, should succeed to their goods, and that they might dispose of their own effects by will, must, before those grants, have been either altogether or very nearly in the same state of villanage with the occupiers of land in the country. † How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country: Smith often harshly criticized those who act purely out of self-interest and greed, and warns that, â€Å"†¦ for us, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind. † IV: Of Systems of political Economy Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System: Specifically, The Wealth of Nations attacks, inter alia, two major tenets of mercantilism: 1. The idea that protectionist tariffs serve the economic interests of a nation (or indeed any purpose whatsoever) and 2. The idea that large reserve of gold bullion or other precious metals are necessary for a country's economic success. Of the extraordinary Restraints: â€Å"Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be Disadvantageous†. Of Drawbacks: Merchants and manufacturers are not contented with the monopoly of the home market, but desire likewise the most extensive foreign sale for their goods. Of Treaties of Commerce: When a nation binds itself by treaty either to permit the entry of certain goods from one foreign country which it prohibits from all others, or to exempt the goods of one country from duties to which it subjects those of all others, the country, or at least the merchants and manufacturers of the country, whose commerce is so favored, must necessarily derive great advantage from the treaty. Those merchants and manufacturers enjoy a sort of monopoly in the country which is so indulgent to them. That country becomes a market both more extensive and more advantageous for their goods: more extensive, because the goods of other nations being either excluded or subjected to heavier duties, it takes off a greater quantity of theirs: more advantageous, because the merchants of the favored country, enjoying a sort of monopoly there, will often sell their goods for a better price than if exposed to the free competition of all other nations. † Of Colonies: Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies: The interest which occasioned the first settlement of the different European colonies in America and the West Indies was not altogether as plain and distinct as that which directed the establishment of those of ancient Greece and Rome. Causes of Prosperity of new Colonies: The colonists carry out with them knowledge of agriculture and of other useful arts superior to what can grow up of its own accord in the course of many centuries among savage and barbarous nations. They carry out with them, too, the habit of subordination, some notion of the regular government which takes place in their own country, of the system of laws which supports it, and of a regular administration of justice; and they naturally establish something of the same kind in the new settlement. Of the Agricultural Systems: â€Å"Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of Political Economy, which Represent the Produce of Land, as either the Sole or the Principal, Source of the Revenue and Wealth of Every Country†. V: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth Smith postulated four â€Å"maxims† of taxation: proportionality, transparency, convenience, and efficiency. Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth: On taxation Smith wrote, â€Å"The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respe ctively enjoy under the protection of the state. The expense of government to the individuals of a great nation is like the expense of management to the joint tenants of a great estate, who are all obliged to contribute in proportion to their respective interests in the estate. In the observation or neglect of this maxim consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation. † Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society: In his discussion of taxes â€Å"The necessaries of life occasion the great expense of the poor. † They find it difficult to get food, and the greater part of their little revenue is spent in getting it. The luxuries and vanities of life occasion the principal expense of the rich, and a magnificent house embellishes and sets off to the best advantage all the other luxuries and vanities which they possess. A tax upon house-rents, therefore, would in general fall heaviest upon the rich; and in this sort of inequality there would not, perhaps, be anything very unreasonable. It is not very unreasonable that the rich should contribute to the public expense, not only in proportion to their revenue, but something more than in that proportion. † Of War and Public Debts: â€Å"†¦ when war comes politicians are both unwilling and unable to increase their tax revenue in proportion to the increase of their expense. They are unwilling for fear of offending the people, who, by so great and so sudden an increase of taxes, would soon be disgusted with the war †¦ The facility of borrowing delivers them from the embarrassment †¦ By means of borrowing they are enabled, with a very moderate increase of taxes, to raise, from year to year, money sufficient for carrying on the war, and by the practice of perpetually funding they are enabled, with the smallest possible increase of taxes [to pay the interest on the debt], to raise annually the largest possible sum of money [to fund the war †¦ The return of peace, indeed, seldom relieves them from the greater part of the taxes imposed during the war. These are mortgaged for the interest of the debt contracted in order to carry it on. † Smith then goes on to say that even if money was set aside from future revenues to pay for the debts of war, it seldom actually gets used to pay down the debt. Politicians are inclined to spend the money on some other scheme that will win the favor of their constituents. Hence, interest payments rise and war debts continue to grow larger, well beyond the end of the war. Impact– United States James Madison, in a speech given in Congress on 2 February 1791, cited The Wealth of Nations in opposing a national bank: â€Å"The principal disadvantages consisted in, 1st. banishing the precious metals, by substituting another medium to perform their office: This effect was inevitable. It was admitted by the most enlightened patrons of banks, particularly by Smith on the Wealth of Nations†. Thomas Jefferson, writing to John Novell on 14 June 1807, claimed that on â€Å"the subjects of money & commerce, Smith's Wealth of Nations is the best book to be read, unless Say's Political Economy can be had, which treats the same subject on the same principles, but in a shorter compass & more lucid manner†. Two views of the â€Å"Wealth of Nations† The â€Å"Wealth of Nations† is therefore inhomogeneous and consists of the earlier elements of an individualistic strain in the tradition of Aristotle, Puffendorf and Hutcheson, Smith’s teacher, – elements compatible with a neoclassical theory – and the classical theory Smith learned in France. Smith’s classical message is what he states at the very beginning: the two ways to create the â€Å"Wealth of Nations†. First, make productive labour even more productive by enhancing markets to deepen the division of labour (moving the neoclassical production curve to the right); and second, use more labour productively instead of unproductively, i. e. produce more goods and services that are inputs to the next economic reproduction circle, as opposed to goods used up in final consumption. In the words of Adam Smith: â€Å"The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which it annually consumes †¦ This produce †¦ bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it †¦ But this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances; First, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its labour is generally applied; and, Secondly, by the proportion between the numbers of those who are employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed.